IESET.
Hypotheses·trade·cross_school_trade_openness_growth_1990_2023

Trade openness predicts faster real GDP per-capita growth.

SUPPORTEDengine/runs/cross_school_trade_openness_growth_1990_2023

SUPPORTED — coef=+0.01113 (sign matches claim +), p=0.0893

confidence cueThis is a clear pass for the claim as written. It still applies only to this sample, period, and method.

policy briefNeeds review

In ordinary language

When countries open more of the economy to trade and competition, do people end up with better long-run income or productivity outcomes?

plain answer

The data clearly moved in the predicted direction. coef=+0.01113 (sign matches claim +), p=0.0893

why it matters

This matters because trade claims should change belief only when they survive a pre-declared empirical test.

how the test works

It compares 191 country or place units from 1990 to 2023, using a panel fe design, with fixed effects for country and year.

what was measured
What changed
  • Trade open
What we checked
  • Income pc growth
what this does not prove

A single test is not the whole truth. It narrows the claim under a specific sample, time period, and method. Strong policy conclusions need the pattern to survive nearby tests, alternative data, and serious objections.

verification

No evidence packet has been generated yet.

Results

engine/runs/cross_school_trade_openness_growth_1990_2023
1007550250199020072023ABWAFGAGOALBAREARGARM
illustrative sketch · run pending
No coefficients yet. When the model fires, this chart will show gdp_pc_growth across 191 sampled countries over 1990–2023.
The shapes above are stylised — none of the lines are real data.
Placeholder for cross_school_trade_openness_growth_1990_2023. Published chart will be generated from engine/runs/cross_school_trade_openness_growth_1990_2023/chart_data.json.

Who has skin in the game — schools predicting on this

1 school list this hypothesis as a test of their position. The chips below are school-level scoreboard outcomes, not a second hypothesis verdict.

hypothesis verdict vs scoreboard outcome

The banner verdict judges this hypothesis as written. The scoreboard asks whether each school's polarity-corrected prediction was right. Raw status is not a school win: SUPPORTED supports schools that needed SUPPORTED, but refutes schools that needed REFUTED.

Structuralist / Developmentalistwins if SUPPORTEDschool supported

Pre-registration

pre-registered
first-spec commit 1f1a183 · 2026-05-13T00:21:31Z
run generated · 2026-06-29T17:54:37Z

Trade openness predicts faster real GDP per-capita growth.

Falsification criterion — what would disprove this

set before the run · honoured after

This hypothesis is considered falsified if:

Supported if the coefficient on trade_open has sign + and p <= 0.10; refuted if significant in the opposite direction.

formal test & threshold
test:      cross_school_trade_openness_growth_1990_2023
threshold: sign(trade_open)=+ and p<=0.10

Method

Template
panel_fe
Fixed effects
country, year
Clustering
country
Sample
191 countries · 1990 – 2023
Evidence type
associational

Data

VariableSourceTransform
gdp_pc_growth
outcome
world_bank_wdi:NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZGtier 2
level
trade_open
treatment
world_bank_wdi:NE.TRD.GNFS.ZStier 2
level

● ready  · ● pending  · ● reconstruct-needed

Detailed result card

Result card — cross_school_trade_openness_growth_1990_2023

Verdict: SUPPORTED — coef=+0.01113 (sign matches claim +), p=0.0893

Pre-registration

  • Claim: Trade openness predicts faster real GDP per-capita growth.
  • Falsification rule: Supported if the coefficient on trade_open has sign + and p <= 0.10; refuted if significant in the opposite direction.
  • Falsification test: cross_school_trade_openness_growth_1990_2023

Estimate

  • Method: linearmodels.PanelOLS
  • Coefficient (treatment): +0.01113
  • Std error: 0.006551
  • p-value: 0.0893
  • Observations: 5729, countries: 191
  • Within R²: 0.00493
  • Fixed effects: entity=True, time=True
  • Clustering: country

Variables resolved

  • world_bank_wdi:NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG → gdp_pc_growth (outcome, publisher=world_bank_wdi, n=13897)
  • world_bank_wdi:NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS → trade_open (treatment, publisher=world_bank_wdi, n=10714)

Generated by scripts/run_panel_fe.py at 2026-06-29T17:54:37+00:00

Strongest opposing argument

Every hypothesis ships with its charitable opposing argument. The framework earns credibility by handling objections at their strongest, not weakest.

Notes

School coverage focus: classical_liberal, developmentalism. Generated and run by scripts/promote_cross_school_next50_2026_05_12.py.

Authored framework. Read the transparency note.