Policies

Each policy is a specific reform — a law, tariff, spending programme, central-bank decision — coded by what it moved on each channel-separated axis (fiscal, regulatory, monetary, institutional). Policies are the matching unit for finding historical analogues of a proposed reform; the linked hypotheses test the outcomes.

3358 policies across 147 countries

axis channelfiscalregulatorymonetaryinstitutional

school alignment✓aligned~partial✗opposed

countryyear3358 of 3358

Title	Enacted	Shape	Axes	Schools aligned / opposed
Abraham Accords UAE-Israel normalisation ae_abraham_accords_2020	2020-09	↑	trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Abu Dhabi $20bn Dubai bailout ae_abu_dhabi_dubai_bailout_2009	2009-12	↑↑	spending level↑property rights↑	developmentalism classical_liberal new_keynesian
ADIA diversification away from oil-linked assets (late 1980s) ae_adia_diversification_1980s	1985	↑	property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
ADNOC upstream consolidation 1976-78 ae_adnoc_upstream_consolidation_1978	1976	↓—	product market competition↓property rights—	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal eco_socialist ordoliberal post_keynesian democratic_socialist
UAE AED-USD peg defence through GFC ae_aed_peg_defence_2008_2010	2008	——	central bank independence—trade openness—	new_keynesian developmentalism
UAE alcohol and cohabitation decriminalisation ae_alcohol_cohabitation_decrim_2020	2020-11	↑↑	immigration openness↑rule of law↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
UAE Arab Spring welfare and wage package ae_arab_spring_welfare_package_2011	2011	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Barakah Unit 1 first commercial operation ae_barakah_first_reactor_2021	2021-04	↑↑	energy supply security↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Barakah nuclear plant full four-unit commercial operation ae_barakah_full_operations_2024	2024	↑↑	energy supply security↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
COP28 Dubai hosting and UAE Consensus ae_cop28_hosting_2023	2023-12	↑	environmental stringency↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
UAE federal corporate tax 9% introduction ae_corporate_tax_2023	2023-06	↑	tax corporate↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
DIFC crisis-era regulatory tightening ae_difc_crisis_regulation_2009	2009	↑	financial deregulation↑	new_keynesian developmentalism
DIFC Establishment Law (Federal Law 8 and Dubai Law 9 of 2004) ae_difc_establishment_law_2004	2004-09	↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑judicial independence↑property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism ordoliberal post_keynesian eco_socialist
Dubai International Financial Centre launch ae_difc_launch_2004	2004	↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑judicial independence↑property rights↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
DP World P&O acquisition and global ports expansion ae_dp_world_globalisation_2006	2006-03	↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Dubai Internet City founding ae_dubai_internet_city_1999	1999-10	↓↑↓	sectoral licensing↓trade openness↑tax corporate↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism ordoliberal post_keynesian eco_socialist
Dubai Media City founding ae_dubai_media_city_2000	2000-01	↓↓	sectoral licensing↓tax corporate↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism ordoliberal post_keynesian eco_socialist
Emirates Airline expansion 1995-2004 ae_emirates_airline_expansion_1995_2004	1995	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism ordoliberal post_keynesian eco_socialist
Emirates airline global hub expansion ae_emirates_airline_expansion_2004_2014	2004	↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Emirates airline launch (1985) ae_emirates_airline_launch_1985	1985-10	↑	trade openness↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Expo 2020 Dubai hosting ae_expo_2020_dubai_2021	2021-10	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
UAE federal-emirate budget transfers mechanism 1976+ ae_federal_budget_transfers_mechanism_1976	1976	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal eco_socialist ordoliberal post_keynesian democratic_socialist
Federal National Council partial elections ae_fnc_partial_elections_2006	2006	↑	rule of law↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
UAE onshore 100% foreign ownership reform ae_foreign_ownership_onshore_2020	2021-06	↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
G42 sovereign AI strategy and compute buildout ae_g42_ai_strategy_2022	2022	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Gulf Cooperation Council founding 1981 ae_gcc_founding_1981	1981-05	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal eco_socialist ordoliberal post_keynesian democratic_socialist
UAE female workforce and labour-market reforms, 2006-2024 ae_gender_labour_market_reforms_2006_2024	2006	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑immigration openness↑	—
UAE Golden Visa long-term residency ae_golden_visa_2019	2019	↑	immigration openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Jebel Ali Free Zone capacity expansion (1985-1995) ae_jebel_ali_expansion_1985_1995	1985	↑↓	trade openness↑sectoral licensing↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Jebel Ali Port and Free Zone establishment 1979-1985 ae_jebel_ali_free_zone_1979	1979	↑↑↓	trade openness↑financial deregulation↑tax corporate↓	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal eco_socialist ordoliberal post_keynesian democratic_socialist
UAE Non-Muslim Family Law (Abu Dhabi and federal) ae_nonmuslim_family_law_2022	2022-02	↑↑	rule of law↑immigration openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
UAE post-9/11 AML/CFT compliance upgrade ae_post_911_financial_compliance_2001_2004	2001	↓↑	financial deregulation↓rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism ordoliberal post_keynesian eco_socialist
UAE 5% VAT introduction ae_vat_introduction_2018	2018-01	↑↓	spending level↑tax progressivity↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
UAE weekend switch to Saturday-Sunday ae_weekend_switch_2022	2022-01	↑	product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Decree No. 8 Land Reform and Debt Cancellation afg_land_reform_decree_8_1978	1978	↓↑↓	property rights↓transfer expansion↑rule of law↓	marxist_leninist marxian developmentalism
Literacy, Education, and Women's Status Reforms afg_literacy_womens_reforms_1978	1978	↑↑~	transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law~	marxist_leninist marxian developmentalism
Soviet-Aid State Planning and War Economy afg_soviet_aid_war_planning_1979_1992	1979	↑↓↓	spending level↑product market competition↓central bank independence↓	marxist_leninist marxian developmentalism
Angola exchange-rate liberalisation and FX-market normalisation 2018-2023 ao_exchange_rate_liberalisation_2018_2023	2018	↑↑	central bank independence↑trade openness↑	—
Angola fuel-subsidy phase-out 2023 ao_fuel_subsidy_phaseout_2023	2023-06	↓↓↓	sectoral subsidy↓spending level↓price control intensity↓	—
Late socialist market-transition reforms ao_market_transition_reforms_1987_1991	1987	↑↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑trade openness↑	marxist_leninist marxian developmentalism
Post-independence nationalisations and state economy ao_nationalisations_state_economy_1976	1976	↓↓↑	property rights↓product market competition↓spending level↑	marxist_leninist marxian developmentalism
Angola incremental oil and gas production incentive decree 2024 ao_oil_gas_incremental_production_decree_2024	2024-11	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↑	—
Sonangol oil enclave governance ao_sonangol_oil_enclave_1976	1976	↑↑↑↑	sectoral licensing↑spending level↑trade openness↑energy supply security↑	marxist_leninist marxian developmentalism
Mercosur asymmetric-peg stress 1998-1999 ar_1998_1999_mercosur_stress	1999-01	—	trade openness—	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
AFJP private-pension nationalisation — SIPA creation ar_afjp_nationalisation_2008	2008-12	↓↑	property rights↓spending level↑	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism
AFJP pension-privatisation phase-in 1995-1999 ar_afjp_pension_phase_in_completion_1995_1999	1995-07	↓↑	transfer expansion↓product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Plan Austral (Argentina, 14 June 1985) ar_austral_plan_1985	1985-06	↓↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓labour market flexibility↓financial deregulation↑	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Blindaje IMF package December 2000 ar_blindaje_imf_2000	2000-12	—	central bank independence—	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Argentine Brady Plan debt restructuring 1992-1993 ar_brady_plan_debt_restructuring_1993	1993-04	↓↑	spending level↓property rights↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Cepo cambiario — FX controls regime ar_cepo_cambiario_2011_2015	2011-10	↓↓	financial deregulation↓trade openness↓	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Corralito — Decreto 1570/2001 banking freeze ar_corralito_2001	2001-12	↓↑	property rights↓financial deregulation↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Argentine sovereign debt restructuring 2005 ar_debt_restructuring_2005	2005-02	↓↓	property rights↓spending level↓	post_keynesian developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Ley de Déficit Cero 25.453 (July 2001) ar_deficit_zero_law_2001	2001-07	↓↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Ley 25.561 Emergencia Pública — convertibility repeal ar_emergency_law_25561_convertibility_repeal_2002	2002-01	↓↑	central bank independence↓financial deregulation↑	post_keynesian developmentalism classical_liberal
Export retenciones reintroduction + expansion 2002-2007 ar_export_retenciones_2002_2007	2002-03	↓↑	trade openness↓spending level↑	post_keynesian developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Export tax (retenciones) hikes on agricultural commodities (2020) ar_fernandez_export_tax_hikes_2020	2020-03	↓↑	trade openness↓spending level↑	post_keynesian chicago_monetarism austrian
Ingreso Familiar de Emergencia (IFE) COVID transfer (2020) ar_fernandez_ife_covid_transfer_2020	2020-03	↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑monetary expansion direction↑	post_keynesian chicago_monetarism austrian
IMF Extended Fund Facility (Mar 2022, USD 44bn) ar_fernandez_imf_eff_2022	2022-03	↓↓↓	spending level↓monetary expansion direction↓sectoral subsidy↓	post_keynesian chicago_monetarism austrian
Massa-era stepped devaluations and multi-rate FX regime (2023) ar_fernandez_massa_devaluations_2023	2023-08	↓↓↓	financial deregulation↓trade openness↓central bank independence↓	post_keynesian chicago_monetarism austrian
Precios Cuidados / Precios Justos price-control regimes (2019-2023) ar_fernandez_precios_cuidados_justos_2019	2019-12	↓↑	product market competition↓sectoral subsidy↑	post_keynesian chicago_monetarism austrian
Sovereign debt restructuring with private bondholders (Aug 2020) ar_fernandez_sovereign_debt_restructuring_2020	2020-08	↓↓	property rights↓financial deregulation↓	post_keynesian chicago_monetarism austrian
Argentina Griesa pari passu selective default ar_griesa_pari_passu_default_2014	2014-07	↓↓	property rights↓financial deregulation↓	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Argentine hyperinflation (1989-1990) ar_hyperinflation_1989	1989	↑↓	monetary expansion direction↑central bank independence↓	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Argentina-IMF early repayment December 2005 ar_imf_early_repayment_2005	2005-12	↓—	central bank independence↓spending level—	post_keynesian developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
IMF Extended Fund Facility 1996-1998 ar_imf_eff_1996_1998	1996-04	↓	spending level↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
INDEC statistical intervention — CPI understatement ar_indec_intervention_2007_2014	2007-01	↓↓	rule of law↓property rights↓	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Plan Jefes y Jefas de Hogar Desocupados 2002 ar_jefes_y_jefas_workfare_2002	2002-04	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	post_keynesian developmentalism classical_liberal
Lavagna free-float stabilisation 2002 ar_lavagna_float_stabilisation_2002	2002-04	↓↑	trade openness↓monetary expansion direction↑	post_keynesian developmentalism classical_liberal
Machinea impuestazo tax package December 1999 ar_machinea_impuestazo_1999	1999-12	↑↓	tax progressivity↑spending level↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Lifting of cepo cambiario and peso unification (Dec 2015) ar_macri_cepo_lift_peso_unification_2015	2015-12	↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑trade openness↑central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism austrian post_keynesian
Holdout creditor settlement and return to capital markets (Apr 2016) ar_macri_holdout_settlement_2016	2016-04	↑↑	financial deregulation↑property rights↑	chicago_monetarism austrian post_keynesian
IMF Stand-By Arrangement (Jun 2018, expanded Sep 2018) ar_macri_imf_stand_by_2018	2018-06	↓↓↓	spending level↓monetary expansion direction↓transfer expansion↓	chicago_monetarism austrian post_keynesian
Comprehensive tax reform (Ley 27.430, Dec 2017) ar_macri_tax_reform_2017	2017-12	↓↑↑	tax corporate↓labour market flexibility↑tax capital↑	chicago_monetarism austrian post_keynesian
Utility 'sincere-pricing' tariff hikes and subsidy reduction (2016-2019) ar_macri_utility_tariff_sincere_pricing_2016	2016-02	↓↓↑	sectoral subsidy↓spending level↓product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism austrian post_keynesian
Malvinas / Falklands War (Argentina, 1982) ar_malvinas_war_1982	1982-04	↑↓	spending level↑rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Martínez de Hoz financial liberalisation (Argentina, 1977) ar_martinez_de_hoz_financial_liberalisation_1977	1977-06	↓↑	financial deregulation↓trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Cavallo Megacanje debt swap June 2001 ar_megacanje_debt_swap_2001	2001-06	↑	spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Indultos of 1989-1990 — Menem military pardons ar_military_pardons_1989_1990	1989-10	↓	rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Pacto de Olivos and 1994 Constitutional reform ar_pacto_olivos_constitutional_reform_1994	1994-08	—↑	rule of law—judicial independence↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Asymmetric pesificación — Decreto 214/2002 ar_pesificacion_asymmetric_decreto_214_2002	2002-02	↓↑	property rights↓spending level↑	post_keynesian developmentalism classical_liberal
Plan Primavera (Argentina, August 1988) ar_plan_primavera_1988	1988-08	↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓financial deregulation↑	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Proceso state-terror apparatus (Argentina, 1976-1983) ar_proceso_state_terror_1976_1983	1976-03	↓↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓property rights↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Puente Pueyrredón killings 26 June 2002 ar_puente_pueyrredon_2002	2002-06	↓	rule of law↓	post_keynesian developmentalism classical_liberal
Punto Final and Obediencia Debida laws (Argentina, 1986-1987) ar_punto_final_obediencia_debida_1986_1987	1986-12	↓	rule of law↓	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Repeal of Punto Final + Obediencia Debida laws 2003-2005 ar_punto_final_obediencia_debida_repeal_2003_2005	2005-06	↑	rule of law↑	post_keynesian developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Ley de Reforma del Estado y de Emergencia Económica 1989 ar_reform_of_state_privatisation_law_1989	1989-08	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Seguro de cambio — BCRA private-debt FX guarantee (Argentina, 1982) ar_seguro_de_cambio_1982	1982-07	↑↑↓	financial deregulation↑spending level↑property rights↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Supreme Court reset 2003-2005 ar_supreme_court_reset_2003_2005	2003-06	↑↑	judicial independence↑rule of law↑	post_keynesian developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
La tablita cambiaria — pre-announced crawling peg (Argentina, 1978-1981) ar_tablita_cambiaria_1978_1981	1978-12	↓↓	central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Argentina Tequila-effect defence 1995 ar_tequila_contagion_1995	1995-04	↑↓	central bank independence↑spending level↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Juicio a las Juntas (Argentina, 1985) ar_trial_of_juntas_1985	1985-04	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian chicago_monetarism institutionalism
YPF full privatisation to Repsol 1999 ar_ypf_full_privatisation_1999	1999-06	↑	product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
YPF renationalisation — 51% expropriation of Repsol stake ar_ypf_renationalisation_2012	2012-05	↓↑	property rights↓sectoral licensing↑	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Argentina Cepo Cambiario 2011 2015 argentina_cepo_cambiario_2011_2015	2003	↑↑↓↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑product market competition↓central bank independence↓	post_keynesian austrian
Argentina Convertibility Abandonment 2002 argentina_convertibility_abandonment_2002	2001	↓↓↑	property rights↓central bank independence↓spending level↑	austrian
Argentina Convertibility Law 1991 argentina_convertibility_law_1991	1991	↑↑↑↑	central bank independence↑trade openness↑product market competition↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism austrian
Convertibility Plan (Plan Cavallo) — Argentina 1991-2002 argentina_convertibility_plan_1991	1991-04	↑↑↑	central bank independence↑trade openness↑product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Argentina Corralito 2001 argentina_corralito_2001	2001	↓↓↑	property rights↓central bank independence↓spending level↑	austrian
Argentina Default 2001 argentina_default_2001	2001	↓↓↑	property rights↓central bank independence↓spending level↑	austrian
Argentina Deregulation Omnibus 2024 argentina_deregulation_omnibus_2024	2024-07	↓↑↑↑↓↑	spending level↓product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility↑tax corporate↓sectoral subsidy↑	austrian chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Argentina Dnu 70 2023 argentina_dnu_70_2023	2023	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Argentina Fiscal Consolidation 2024 argentina_fiscal_consolidation_2024	2023	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Argentina Fiscal Package Law 27743 2024 argentina_fiscal_package_law_27743_2024	2024-07	~↓	tax progressivity~tax capital↓	austrian chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Argentina Fuel Subsidies 2003 2015 argentina_fuel_subsidies_2003_2015	2003	↑↑↓↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑product market competition↓central bank independence↓	post_keynesian austrian
Argentina SEDI Import Licensing Replacement 2023 argentina_import_sedi_sira_replacement_2023	2023-12	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Milei Shock Therapy — Argentina December 2023 onward argentina_milei_shock_therapy_2023	2023-12	↓↓↓↑↑↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓sectoral subsidy↓product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑monetary expansion direction↓	austrian chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Argentina Pension Renationalisation 2008 argentina_pension_renationalisation_2008	2003	↑↑↓↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑product market competition↓central bank independence↓	post_keynesian austrian
Argentina Pesification 2002 argentina_pesification_2002	2001	↓↓↑	property rights↓central bank independence↓spending level↑	austrian
Argentina Peso Devaluation 2023 argentina_peso_devaluation_2023	2023	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Argentina Privatisations 1991 1999 argentina_privatisations_1991_1999	1991	↑↑↑↑	central bank independence↑trade openness↑product market competition↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism austrian
Argentina Trade Opening 1991 1995 argentina_trade_opening_1991_1995	1991	↑↑↑↑	central bank independence↑trade openness↑product market competition↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism austrian
Argentina Ypf Renationalisation 2012 argentina_ypf_renationalisation_2012	2003	↑↑↓↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑product market competition↓central bank independence↓	post_keynesian austrian
Austrian Arbeitsverfassungsgesetz (Labour Constitution Act) 1974/1975 at_arbeitsverfassungsgesetz_1975	1974-12	↓	labour market flexibility↓	democratic_socialist eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism
Arbeitszeitgesetz amendment — 12-hour day / 60-hour week 2018 at_arbeitszeitgesetz_12_stunden_tag_2018	2018-07	↑	labour market flexibility↑	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Asylum-law tightening package 2017-2018 at_asylgesetz_novellen_2017_2018	2018-06	↓	immigration openness↓	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Bank Austria acquires Creditanstalt 1997 at_bank_austria_creditanstalt_merger_1997	1997-01	↓↑	product market competition↓property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic new_keynesian democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Doubling of Austrian bank levy (Stabilitaetsabgabe) 2025 at_bankenabgabe_verdopplung_2025	2025-06	↑↑	tax capital↑financial deregulation↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
Beschaeftigungsbonus employment-bonus subsidy 2017 at_beschaeftigungsbonus_2017	2017-07	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑labour market flexibility↑	developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist institutionalism austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Abolition of Bildungskarenz paid education leave 2025 at_bildungskarenz_abschaffung_2025	2025-03	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
BZOe split from FPOe April 2005 at_bzoe_split_2005	2005-04	—	rule of law—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism developmentalism marxian new_keynesian ordoliberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist post_keynesian social_democratic
EU-14 diplomatic sanctions against Austria 2000 at_eu_14_sanctions_2000	2000-02	——	rule of law—trade openness—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism developmentalism marxian new_keynesian ordoliberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist post_keynesian social_democratic
Austria EU accession 1995 at_eu_accession_1995	1995-01	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic new_keynesian democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Eurofighter Typhoon procurement 2002 at_eurofighter_procurement_2002	2002-07	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism developmentalism marxian new_keynesian ordoliberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist post_keynesian social_democratic
Familienbeihilfe indexation for children abroad 2019 (CJEU-struck 2022) at_familienbeihilfe_indexierung_2019	2018-10	↓↓	immigration openness↓rule of law↓	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Familienbonus Plus — EUR 1,500 per child income-tax credit 2019 at_familienbonus_plus_2019	2018-07	↓↑	tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↑	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Familienpaket 2022 — Familienbonus Plus raised to EUR 2,000 at_familienpaket_2022	2022-06	↑↓	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↓	eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Austrian Hainburg Au hydropower project cancellation 1984 at_hainburg_cancellation_1984	1984-12	↑↓	environmental stringency↑energy supply security↓	austrian classical_liberal ordoliberal chicago_monetarism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist institutionalism new_keynesian developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Austrian Hartwährungspolitik — schilling peg to DM 1976 at_hartwaehrungspolitik_1976	1976	↑↓	central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓	democratic_socialist eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism
HETA Asset Resolution bad-bank 2014 at_heta_bad_bank_2014	2014-10	↑↓	financial deregulation↑property rights↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist institutionalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Hypo Alpe Adria emergency nationalisation December 2009 at_hypo_alpe_adria_nationalisation_2009	2009-12	↑↑	financial deregulation↑spending level↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist institutionalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Abolition of kalte Progression (bracket creep) 2023 at_kalte_progression_abschaffung_2023	2022-10	↓↑	tax progressivity↓rule of law↑	eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Klimabonus per-capita climate rebate 2022 at_klimabonus_2022	2022-02	↑↑	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑	eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Klimabonus reform 2025 — means-testing restriction at_klimabonus_reform_2025	2025-07	↓↑	transfer expansion↓tax progressivity↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
Corporate tax rate cut 25% -> 24% -> 23% (2023-2024) at_koerperschaftsteuer_senkung_2022_2024	2022-02	↓	tax corporate↓	eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
KoeSt corporate-tax cut to 25 percent 2005 at_koest_25_percent_2005	2005-01	↓↓	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism developmentalism marxian new_keynesian ordoliberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist post_keynesian social_democratic
Fiscal consolidation package 2025 under EU EDP at_konsolidierungspaket_2025	2025-06	↓↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
COVID-19 Kurzarbeit short-time work scheme 2020-2022 at_kurzarbeit_covid_2020	2020-03	↑↑↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Austrian Maastricht Sparpakete 1995-1996 at_maastricht_consolidation_1995_1996	1996-04	↓↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic new_keynesian democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Bedarfsorientierte Mindestsicherung framework 2008 at_mindestsicherung_framework_2008	2008-07	↑↑	transfer expansion↑rule of law↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Oekosoziale Steuerreform 2022 — national CO2 price with Klimabonus rebate at_oekosoziale_steuerreform_2022	2022-02	↑↑↓	environmental stringency↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↓	eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Austrian ÖIAG privatisation programme 1993-2000 at_oiag_privatisation_programme_1993_2000	1993-07	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic new_keynesian democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Austrian women's pension-age alignment 2010 at_pension_age_alignment_women_2010	2010-12	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist institutionalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Pensionssicherungsgesetz pension reform 2003 at_pensionssicherungsgesetz_2003	2003-07	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism developmentalism marxian new_keynesian ordoliberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist post_keynesian social_democratic
Plan A investment and modernisation package 2017 at_plan_a_investment_package_2017	2017-01	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑labour market flexibility↓	developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist institutionalism austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Zero VAT on residential PV systems up to 35 kWp 2024 at_pv_anlagen_vat_2024	2023-12	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency↑	eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Austrian 2015-2016 refugee reception and Obergrenze at_refugee_reception_2015_2016	2015-09	↑↓↑	immigration openness↑immigration openness↓spending level↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist institutionalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Steuerreform 2009 GFC tax package at_steuerreform_2009	2009-03	↑↑	tax progressivity↑spending level↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist institutionalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Steuerreform 2015/2016 tax reform at_steuerreform_2016	2016-01	↑↑	tax progressivity↑tax capital↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist institutionalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Studiengebuehren university-tuition abolition 2008 at_studiengebuehren_abolition_2008	2008-09	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Austrian VOEST-Alpine 'black week' restructuring 1985-1986 at_voest_alpine_restructuring_1985	1985	↓↑	sectoral subsidy↓product market competition↑	austrian classical_liberal ordoliberal chicago_monetarism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist institutionalism new_keynesian developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist
Austrian ÖIAG / verstaatlichte Industrie counter-cyclical employment expansion 1975-1985 at_voest_state_industry_expansion_1970s	1970	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↓	democratic_socialist eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism
Austrian Zwentendorf nuclear-plant referendum 1978 at_zwentendorf_referendum_1978	1978-11	↓↑	energy supply security↓environmental stringency↑	democratic_socialist eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism
2014 federal budget (Abbott-Hockey) au_2014_federal_budget	2014-05	↓↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
AUKUS trilateral security pact — 2021 au_aukus_2021	2021-09	↑↓	spending level↑trade openness↓	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal new_keynesian austrian
Australian bank deposit and wholesale funding guarantees au_bank_guarantee_2008	2008-10	↑—	financial deregulation↑spending level—	new_keynesian developmentalism
Banking Royal Commission — Australia 2017-19 au_banking_royal_commission_2017	2017-12	↓↑	financial deregulation↓rule of law↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Australia Campbell Committee Inquiry 1979-81 au_campbell_committee_financial_inquiry_1979	1979	—	financial deregulation—	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism developmentalism eco_socialist post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic
Carbon Tax Repeal (2014) au_carbon_tax_repeal_2014	2011-11	—↑——	environmental stringency—sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security—product market competition—	classical_liberal developmentalism
Cheaper Child Care subsidy expansion - Australia 2022 au_cheaper_child_care_subsidy_2022	2022-12	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Clean Energy Future carbon-pricing package au_clean_energy_future_carbon_price_2011	2011-11	↑↑	environmental stringency↑tax corporate↑	new_keynesian eco_socialist social_democratic
Climate Change Act 2022 - Australia au_climate_change_act_2022	2022-09	↑	environmental stringency↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Enterprise Tax Plan — Australia 2016-18 au_enterprise_tax_plan_2016	2017-05	↓	tax corporate↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Fair Work Closing Loopholes amendments - Australia 2023-2024 au_fair_work_closing_loopholes_2023_2024	2024-02	↓	labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Australia Family Allowance reform 1976 au_family_allowance_reform_1976	1976	↑↑	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism developmentalism eco_socialist post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic
Family Tax Benefit A/B introduction au_family_tax_benefit_reform_2000	2000-07	↑	transfer expansion↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist democratic_socialist
Future Made in Australia industrial policy — 2024 au_future_made_in_australia_2024	2024-05	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency↑spending level↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Australia GFC fiscal stimulus packages au_gfc_stimulus_package_2008_2009	2008	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	new_keynesian developmentalism
Gonski school-funding review au_gonski_school_funding_review_2012	2011	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	new_keynesian eco_socialist social_democratic
Goods and Services Tax introduction au_gst_introduction_2000	2000-07	↓↓	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist democratic_socialist
Hawke-Keating reform package (1983-1996) au_hawke_keating_reform_package_1983_1996	1983	↓↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↓central bank independence↑financial deregulation↑product market competition↑trade openness↑	—
Henry Tax Review au_henry_tax_review_2010	2010-05	——	tax progressivity—tax corporate—	new_keynesian developmentalism
Home Insulation Programme (Pink Batts) au_home_insulation_programme_2009	2009	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency↑	new_keynesian developmentalism
HomeBuilder construction grant — Australia 2020 au_homebuilder_2020	2020-06	↑	sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist austrian
Housing Australia Future Fund — 2023 au_housing_australia_future_fund_2023	2023-09	↑↑	transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
JobKeeper wage subsidy — Australia 2020-21 au_jobkeeper_2020	2020-04	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist austrian
KAFTA-JAEPA-ChAFTA free trade agreement trifecta au_kafta_jaepa_chafta_ftas_2014_2015	2014	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Australia Medibank partial dismantling 1976-78 au_medibank_partial_dismantling_1976	1976	↓↓	transfer expansion↓spending level↓	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism developmentalism eco_socialist post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic
Minerals Resource Rent Tax au_minerals_resource_rent_tax_2012	2012-03	↑	tax corporate↑	new_keynesian eco_socialist social_democratic
Minerals Resource Rent Tax Repeal au_mrrt_repeal_2014	2014-09	↓↓	tax corporate↓transfer expansion↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
National Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2022 - Australia au_national_anti_corruption_commission_2022	2022-12	↑	rule of law↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
National Competition Policy (1995) au_national_competition_policy_1995	1995-04	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian marxist_leninist
National Firearms Agreement au_national_firearms_agreement_1996	1996-05	↓↑↑	product market competition↓spending level↑rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist democratic_socialist
National Reconstruction Fund Corporation Act 2023 - Australia au_national_reconstruction_fund_corporation_2023	2023-04	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Native Title Act (1993) au_native_title_act_1993	1993-12	↑↑	property rights↑rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian marxist_leninist
National Disability Insurance Scheme Act au_ndis_act_2013	2013-03	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	new_keynesian eco_socialist social_democratic
Operation Sovereign Borders au_operation_sovereign_borders_2013	2013-09	↓	immigration openness↓	classical_liberal developmentalism social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Pacific Solution off-shore asylum processing au_pacific_solution_2001	2001-09	↓↓	immigration openness↓rule of law↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist democratic_socialist
Personal Income Tax Plan (Stage 1/2/3) — Australia 2018 au_personal_income_tax_plan_2018	2018-06	↓	tax progressivity↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Australia Pilbara iron-ore export expansion 1970s-80s au_pilbara_iron_ore_export_boom_1970s	1975	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism developmentalism eco_socialist post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic
RBA inflation-target framework adoption (1993) au_rba_inflation_target_1993	1993	↑	central bank independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian marxist_leninist
Religious Discrimination Bill — Australia 2022 (withdrawn) au_religious_discrimination_bill_2022	2022-02	—	rule of law—	classical_liberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist austrian
Resource Super Profits Tax (proposal) au_resource_super_profits_tax_2010	2010	↑	tax corporate↑	new_keynesian developmentalism
Safeguard Mechanism reform — Australia 2023 au_safeguard_mechanism_reform_2023	2023-03	↑	environmental stringency↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Same-sex marriage postal survey and legislation — Australia 2017 au_same_sex_marriage_postal_survey_2017	2017-12	↑	rule of law↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Fair Work Secure Jobs Better Pay reform — Australia 2022 au_secure_jobs_better_pay_2022	2022-12	↓	labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Snowy 2.0 pumped-hydro approval — Australia 2017 au_snowy_2_0_approval_2017	2017-03	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Stage-3 personal income tax cut redesign — Australia 2024 au_stage_three_tax_cut_redesign_2024	2024-02	↑	tax progressivity↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Superannuation Guarantee Act expansion (1992) au_superannuation_guarantee_1992_expansion	1992-07	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian marxist_leninist
Superannuation Guarantee (Administration) Act 1992 au_superannuation_guarantee_act_1992	1992-07	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓tax capital↑product market competition↑	—
Technology Investment Roadmap — Australia 2020 au_technology_investment_roadmap_2020	2020-09	↑—	sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency—	classical_liberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist austrian
Telstra full privatisation (T1, T2, T3 tranches) au_telstra_full_privatisation_1997_2006	1997	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist democratic_socialist
Tobacco Plain Packaging Act au_tobacco_plain_packaging_2011	2011-12	↓↓	product market competition↓property rights↓	new_keynesian eco_socialist social_democratic
Indigenous Voice to Parliament constitutional referendum — 2023 au_voice_referendum_2023	2023-10	—	rule of law—	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Workplace Relations Amendment (Work Choices) Act au_workchoices_act_2005	2005-12	↑	labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist democratic_socialist
Working Nation White Paper (1994) au_working_nation_1994	1994-05	↑↑	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian marxist_leninist
Australia Carbon Tax Repeal 2014 australia_carbon_tax_repeal_2014	2013	↓↓↑↓	environmental stringency↓tax corporate↓trade openness↑immigration openness↓	—
Australia Clean Energy Act 2011 australia_clean_energy_act_2011	2011	~↑——	environmental stringency~sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security—product market competition—	—
Australia Emissions Reduction Fund 2014 australia_emissions_reduction_fund_2014	2011	~↑——	environmental stringency~sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security—product market competition—	—
Hawke-Keating market reforms — Australia 1983-1996 australia_hawke_keating_reforms_1983_1996	1983-12	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑financial deregulation↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑	—
Australia Retirement Income Accord 1983 australia_retirement_income_accord_1983	1992	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓tax capital↑product market competition↑	—
Australia Safeguard Mechanism 2016 australia_safeguard_mechanism_2016	2011	~↑——	environmental stringency~sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security—product market competition—	—
Australia Sg Act 1992 australia_sg_act_1992	1992	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓tax capital↑product market competition↑	—
Australia Super Choice 2005 australia_super_choice_2005	1992	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓tax capital↑product market competition↑	—
Australia Super Self Managed Reforms australia_super_self_managed_reforms	1992	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓tax capital↑product market competition↑	—
Superannuation Guarantee (Administration) Act — Australia 1992 australia_superannuation_guarantee_1992	1992-07	↓↑	transfer expansion↓financial deregulation↑	—
Bahrain Golden Residency Visa bahrain_golden_residency_visa_2022	2022	↑↑↑	immigration openness↑property rights↑product market competition↑	—
Bahrain VAT rate increase to 10 percent bahrain_vat_rate_increase_2022	2022-01	↓↓	tax progressivity↓spending level↓	—
Bahrain Wage Protection System rollout bahrain_wage_protection_system_2021	2021	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓rule of law↑	—
Bangladesh Bonded Warehouse Back To Back Lc Regime bangladesh_bonded_warehouse_back_to_back_lc_regime	1982	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Bangladesh Epz Act 1980 bangladesh_epz_act_1980	1982	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Bangladesh Grameen Bank Ordinance 1983 bangladesh_grameen_bank_ordinance_1983	1982	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Bangladesh Imf Ecf 2023 bangladesh_imf_ecf_2023	1982	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Bangladesh New Industrial Policy 1982 bangladesh_new_industrial_policy_1982	1982	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Bangladesh Bank governance change and bank-sector clean-up bd_bank_sector_cleanup_2024	2024-08	↑↑	central bank independence↑rule of law↑	institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Cyber Security Act 2023 (replacing Digital Security Act 2018) bd_cyber_security_act_2023	2023-09	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	developmentalism institutionalism
Cyber Security Act moratorium and case-withdrawal order bd_cyber_security_act_repeal_2024	2024-08	↑	rule of law↑	institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Dhaka Metro Rail MRT Line 6 opening bd_dhaka_metro_line6_2022	2022-12	↑	spending level↑	developmentalism institutionalism
Digital Security Act 2018 bd_digital_security_act_2018	2018-10	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	developmentalism institutionalism
Crawling-peg exchange-rate regime bd_forex_crawling_peg_2024	2024-05	↑↑	trade openness↑central bank independence↑	developmentalism institutionalism
ICT Act §57 amendment (non-bailable speech offences) bd_ict_act_57_2013	2013-10	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism institutionalism
IMF $4.7bn ECF/EFF/RSF programme bd_imf_ecf_2023	2023-01	↑↓↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓central bank independence↑	developmentalism institutionalism
IMF ECF/EFF/RSF programme continuation and augmentation bd_imf_ecf_continuation_2024	2024	↑↓↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓central bank independence↑	institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Padma Multipurpose Bridge — self-financed infrastructure mega-project bd_padma_bridge_2022	2022-06	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism institutionalism
Padma Bridge self-financing decision (post-World-Bank withdrawal) bd_padma_bridge_self_financing_2012	2012-07	↑	spending level↑	developmentalism institutionalism
Labour Act amendment and Accord/Alliance factory-safety response (post-Rana Plaza) bd_rana_plaza_labour_act_amendment_2013	2013-07	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism institutionalism
Quick Enhancement of Electricity and Energy Supply (Special Provisions) Act 2010 bd_rental_power_quick_enhancement_2010	2010-10	↑↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↓product market competition↓	developmentalism institutionalism
RMG minimum-wage revisions (2013 and 2018) bd_rmg_minimum_wage_2013_2018	2013	↓	labour market flexibility↓	developmentalism institutionalism
Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (Rosatom-financed) bd_rooppur_nuclear_2017	2017-11	↑↑	spending level↑energy supply security↑	developmentalism institutionalism
Interim-government reform commissions (constitution, judiciary, police, EC, anti-corruption) bd_yunus_reform_commissions_2024	2024-09	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Burundi IMF-supported foreign-exchange and fiscal reforms 2023 bdi_imf_ecf_fx_fiscal_reforms_2023	2023	↓↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑rule of law↑	—
Burundi mining code revision 2023 bdi_mining_code_revision_2023	2023	↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑tax corporate↑property rights↓	—
Burundi Vision 2040 and 2060 development strategy 2023 bdi_vision_2040_2060_2023	2023	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	—
Belgium Belfius nationalisation (2011) be_belfius_nationalisation_2011	2011-10	↓↑	financial deregulation↓spending level↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist marxian ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Belgium CD&V-N-VA electoral cartel split (2008) be_cd_v_nva_cartel_split_2008	2008-09	—	rule of law—	developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Belgium coal-mine closures — Kempen / Campine basin (1985-1992) be_coal_mine_closures_1985_1992	1985	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	institutionalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Copernic Administrative Reform 2000 be_copernic_administrative_reform_2000	1999	↓↓↓↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓spending level↓immigration openness↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Belgium corporate-tax reform (2017-2020) be_corporate_tax_reform_2017_2020	2017-12	↓	tax corporate↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Belgium-France-Luxembourg Dexia rescue (2008; 2011) be_dexia_rescue_2008	2008-09	↓↑	financial deregulation↓spending level↑	developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Belgium Law on Conditions of Economic Expansion (July 1976) be_economic_expansion_law_1976	1976-07	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	institutionalism social_democratic
Belgium Egmont Pact failure (1977-1978) be_egmont_pact_failure_1977_1978	1977-05	—	rule of law—	institutionalism social_democratic
Belgium energy-crisis response (1974-1976) be_energy_crisis_response_1974_1976	1974	↑↑	energy supply security↑sectoral subsidy↑	institutionalism social_democratic
Belgian euthanasia legalisation be_euthanasia_law_2002	2002-05	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Belgium Fortis rescue and BNP-Paribas transfer (2008) be_fortis_bnp_paribas_rescue_2008	2008-09	↓↑↓	financial deregulation↓spending level↑judicial independence↓	developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Belgium franc devaluation 8.5% (February 1982) be_franc_devaluation_1982	1982-02	↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑trade openness↑	institutionalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Belgium one-time 'index jump' (2015) be_index_jump_2015	2015-04	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Belgium KBC capital injections (2008-2009) be_kbc_capital_injection_2008_2009	2008-10	↓↑	financial deregulation↓spending level↑	developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Notional interest deduction be_notional_interest_deduction_2005	2006-01	↓	tax corporate↓	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Nuclear Phaseout Law 2003 be_nuclear_phaseout_law_2003	1999	↓↓↓↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓spending level↓immigration openness↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Belgium nuclear-power programme — Doel and Tihange commissioning (1974-1985) be_nuclear_programme_doel_tihange_1974_1985	1974	↑↑↑	energy supply security↑environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑	institutionalism social_democratic
Belgium statutory pension age 65→67 (phased to 2030) be_pension_age_rise_67_2015	2015-08	↓	transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Belgium pension / early-retirement reform (2012) be_pension_early_retirement_reform_2012	2012-01	↓	transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist marxian ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Belgium public-debt trajectory 1974-1978 (52% → 69% GDP) be_public_debt_trajectory_1974_1978	1974	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	institutionalism social_democratic
Belgium public-debt trajectory 1979-1992 (69% → 135% GDP) be_public_debt_trajectory_1979_1992	1979	↑	spending level↑	institutionalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Regularisation Migrants 2000 be_regularisation_migrants_2000	1999	↓↓↓↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓spending level↓immigration openness↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Reynders Tax Reform 2001 be_reynders_tax_reform_2001	1999	↓↓↓↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓spending level↓immigration openness↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Belgian same-sex marriage be_same_sex_marriage_2003	2003-06	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Belgium sauts d'index — wage-indexation skips (1982-1984) be_sauts_dindex_1982_1984	1982	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑monetary expansion direction↓	institutionalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Belgium Sixth State Reform (2012-2014) be_sixth_state_reform_2012_2014	2014-01	—	rule of law—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist marxian ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Belgium Special Powers Laws — executive consolidation (1982-1985) be_special_powers_laws_1982_1985	1982-02	↓—	spending level↓rule of law—	institutionalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Belgium Tax Shift (2015-2019) be_tax_shift_2015_2019	2015-07	↑—	labour market flexibility↑tax progressivity—	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Belgium three-stage federalisation (1980, 1988, 1993) be_three_stage_federalisation_1980_1993	1980	↑↑	rule of law↑spending level↑	institutionalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Belgium unemployment-benefit degressivity reform (2012) be_unemployment_degressivity_2012	2012-07	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist marxian ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Belgium Belgacom partial privatisation 1996 belgium_belgacom_partial_privatisation_1996	1996-03	↑	product market competition↑	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Belgium debt consolidation trajectory 1992-1999 belgium_debt_consolidation_trajectory_1992_1999	1992	↓↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↑	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Belgium Doel4 Tihange3 Extension 2023 belgium_doel4_tihange3_extension_2023	2003	↑↑↓↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑energy supply security↓sectoral subsidy↑	eco_socialist austrian empirical_pragmatist
Belgium Global Plan 1993 (Plan Global / Globaal Plan) belgium_global_plan_1993	1993-11	↓↑↓	spending level↓labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↓	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Belgium Nuclear Phaseout Law 2003 belgium_nuclear_phaseout_law_2003	2003	↑↑↓↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑energy supply security↓sectoral subsidy↑	eco_socialist austrian empirical_pragmatist
Belgium Nuclear Repeal 2025 belgium_nuclear_repeal_2025	2003	↑↑↓↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑energy supply security↓sectoral subsidy↑	eco_socialist austrian empirical_pragmatist
Belgium Saint-Michel Accords / Fourth State Reform 1993 belgium_saint_michel_federal_reform_1993	1993-07	↑	rule of law↑	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Belgium Tihange1 Extension 2015 belgium_tihange1_extension_2015	2003	↑↑↓↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑energy supply security↓sectoral subsidy↑	eco_socialist austrian empirical_pragmatist
Belgium Wage Norm Law 1996 (Loi de 1996 sur la compétitivité) belgium_wage_norm_law_1996	1996-07	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑monetary expansion direction↓	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Burkina Faso ECOWAS withdrawal and AES confederation 2024-2025 bfa_ecowas_withdrawal_aes_confederation_2024_2025	2024-01	↓↓	trade openness↓rule of law↓	—
Burkina Faso mining code resource-sovereignty reform 2024 bfa_mining_code_resource_sovereignty_2024	2024	↑↓↑	sectoral licensing↑property rights↓spending level↑	—
Burkina Faso Patriotic Support Fund 2023 bfa_patriotic_support_fund_2023	2023	↑~↓	spending level↑tax progressivity~rule of law↓	—
Burkina Faso transition charter extension 2024 bfa_transition_charter_extension_2024	2024-05	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	—
Bulgaria agricultural collectivisation 1946-1958 bg_agricultural_collectivisation_1946_1958	1946	↓↓↑	property rights↓product market competition↓sectoral subsidy↑	marxist_leninist market_socialist classical_liberal
Bulgaria anti-corruption commission reform 2023 bg_anticorruption_commission_reform_2023	2023	↑~	rule of law↑judicial independence~	—
Bulgaria nationalisation law 1947 bg_nationalisation_law_1947	1947	↓↓	property rights↓product market competition↓	marxist_leninist market_socialist classical_liberal
Bulgaria-Romania Schengen land-border accession 2025 bg_ro_schengen_land_borders_2025	2025-01	↑↑↑	immigration openness↑trade openness↑rule of law↑	—
Bulgaria Soviet-style central planning 1947-1989 bg_soviet_style_planning_1947_1989	1947	↓↓↑	product market competition↓trade openness↓transfer expansion↑	marxist_leninist market_socialist classical_liberal
Bulgaria whistleblower protection act 2023 bg_whistleblower_protection_act_2023	2023	↑↑↓	rule of law↑judicial independence↑product market competition↓	—
Benin ARCH social-protection rollout 2019 bj_arch_social_protection_rollout_2019	2019	↑↑	transfer expansion↑rule of law↑	—
Benin Glo-Djigbe Industrial Zone buildout 2020 bj_glo_djigbe_industrial_zone_2020	2020	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑product market competition↑	—
Benin party-system and electoral-code reforms 2018-2019 bj_party_system_electoral_reforms_2018_2019	2018	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	—
Bolivia 1994 Constitutional reform bo_1994_constitutional_reform	1994-08	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
Bolivia 2019 election crisis and Morales resignation bo_2019_election_crisis	2019-11	↓	rule of law↓	democratic_socialist classical_liberal
Aguas del Illimani La Paz-El Alto water concession 1997 bo_aguas_illimani_la_paz_concession_1997	1997-07	↑	sectoral licensing↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Áñez foreign-policy realignment (Bolivia, 2019-2020) bo_anez_foreign_policy_realignment_2019	2019-11	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal democratic_socialist
Arce universal fuel-subsidy maintenance (Bolivia, 2020-) bo_arce_fuel_subsidy_maintenance_2020	2020	↑	sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism post_keynesian classical_liberal
Bolivia Capitalización law (Ley 1544) 1994 bo_capitalizacion_law_1544_1994	1994-03	↑↑	product market competition↑transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
Cochabamba Water War 2000 — Aguas del Tunari concession reversal bo_cochabamba_water_war_2000	2000-04	—↓	product market competition—rule of law↓	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Bolivia 2016 constitutional referendum on unlimited re-election (21F) bo_constitutional_referendum_2016	2016-02	↑	rule of law↑	democratic_socialist classical_liberal
Bolivia COVID-19 emergency response and transfer bonds (2020) bo_covid_emergency_response_2020	2020-03	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	classical_liberal democratic_socialist
Bolivia dollar-peg defence and gold-reserve monetisation (2023-2024) bo_dollar_peg_defence_2023_2024	2023-05	↓↓↑	central bank independence↓trade openness↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism post_keynesian classical_liberal
Bolivia Gas War (Guerra del Gas) October 2003 bo_gas_war_2003	2003-10	↓↓	rule of law↓product market competition↓	classical_liberal
Bolivia hydrocarbon concessions 1997-2001 (second-phase privatisation) bo_hydrocarbon_concessions_1997_2001	1996-04	↑↓	product market competition↑spending level↓	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Bolivia hydrocarbon referendum 18 July 2004 bo_hydrocarbon_referendum_2004	2004-07	↑↓	rule of law↑product market competition↓	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Bolivia Hydrocarbons Law 3058 of 2005 bo_hydrocarbons_law_3058_2005	2005-05	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓spending level↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Arce government return of Áñez-era IMF RFI loan (2021) bo_imf_rfi_cancellation_2020	2021-02	↓↓	trade openness↓central bank independence↓	developmentalism post_keynesian classical_liberal
IMF Rapid Financing Instrument USD 327m loan to Bolivia (2020) bo_imf_rfi_loan_2020	2020-04	↑↑	trade openness↑spending level↑	classical_liberal democratic_socialist
Bolivia Impuestazo February 2003 — police mutiny bo_impuestazo_february_2003	2003-02	—↓	tax progressivity—rule of law↓	classical_liberal
Bolivia Ley 2029 Servicios de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado 1999 bo_ley_2029_water_law_1999	1999-10	↑	sectoral licensing↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Bolivia Ley INRA 1715 de 1996 (land reform) bo_ley_inra_1715_1996	1996-10	↑↑	property rights↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
YLB state-led lithium industrialisation (Salar de Uyuni) bo_litio_industrialisation_ylb	2017	↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑property rights↓	developmentalism post_keynesian classical_liberal democratic_socialist
Bolivia Mercosur Full Membership Accession 2024 bo_mercosur_full_membership_2024	2024-07	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	developmentalism post_keynesian classical_liberal
Mesa resignation 9 June 2005 bo_mesa_resignation_2005	2005-06	—	rule of law—	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Pacific LNG Chile-route gas-export controversy 2002-2003 bo_pacific_lng_chile_route_controversy_2002_2003	2002-07	—	trade openness—	classical_liberal
Bolivia Ley de Participación Popular 1551 of 1994 bo_participacion_popular_ley_1551_1994	1994-04	↑↑	spending level↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
Bolivia Ley de Pensiones 1732 of 1996 — AFP system bo_pension_privatisation_ley_1732_1996	1996-11	↓↑	transfer expansion↓product market competition↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
Bolivia Plan Dignidad forced coca eradication 1998-2002 bo_plan_dignidad_coca_eradication_1998_2002	1998-08	↑↓	spending level↑rule of law↓	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Rodríguez Veltzé transitional presidency 2005 bo_rodriguez_veltze_transitional_2005	2005-06	↑	rule of law↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Sánchez de Lozada resignation 17 October 2003 bo_sanchez_de_lozada_resignation_2003	2003-10	↓	rule of law↓	classical_liberal
TCP Ruling 0084/2017 authorising indefinite re-election bo_tcp_ruling_0084_2017	2017-11	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	democratic_socialist classical_liberal
Bolivia Hydrocarbons Nationalisation 2006 bolivia_hydrocarbons_nationalisation_2006	2006	↑↑↑↑	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism democratic_socialist post_keynesian classical_liberal
Bolivia Minimum Wage Increases 2006 2019 bolivia_minimum_wage_increases_2006_2019	2006	↑↑↑↑	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism democratic_socialist post_keynesian classical_liberal
Bolivia New Constitution 2009 bolivia_new_constitution_2009	2006	↑↑↑↑	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism democratic_socialist post_keynesian classical_liberal
New Economic Policy — Decree 21060 (Bolivia stabilisation 1985) bolivia_nsa_decree_21060_1985	1985-08	↑↑↑↓	central bank independence↑trade openness↑product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Bolivia Renta Dignidad 2008 bolivia_renta_dignidad_2008	2006	↑↑↑↑	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism democratic_socialist post_keynesian classical_liberal
Bolivia Ypfb Industrialisation bolivia_ypfb_industrialisation	2006	↑↑↑↑	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism democratic_socialist post_keynesian classical_liberal
Botswana Debswana Joint Venture 1969 botswana_debswana_joint_venture_1969	1966	↑↑~↑	rule of law↑property rights↑spending level~trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal institutionalism
Botswana National Development Plans botswana_national_development_plans	1966	↑↑~↑	rule of law↑property rights↑spending level~trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal institutionalism
Botswana Pula Fund botswana_pula_fund	1966	↑↑~↑	rule of law↑property rights↑spending level~trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal institutionalism
Botswana Sacu Membership 1969 botswana_sacu_membership_1969	1966	↑↑~↑	rule of law↑property rights↑spending level~trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal institutionalism
Botswana Sustainable Budget Index 1994 botswana_sustainable_budget_index_1994	1966	↑↑~↑	rule of law↑property rights↑spending level~trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal institutionalism
Brazilian Abertura Comercial (trade liberalisation 1990-1993) br_abertura_comercial_1990_1993	1990	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Amazon environmental enforcement retrenchment br_amazon_enforcement_retrenchment_2019	2019	↓	environmental stringency↓	classical_liberal developmentalism austrian social_democratic eco_socialist
Lei da Anistia (Brazil, 1979) br_amnesty_law_1979	1979-08	↑	rule of law↑	developmentalism post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Auxílio Brasil — replacement of Bolsa Família br_auxilio_brasil_2021	2021-12	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	classical_liberal developmentalism austrian social_democratic eco_socialist
Auxílio Emergencial — COVID cash transfer br_auxilio_emergencial_covid_2020	2020-04	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	classical_liberal developmentalism austrian social_democratic eco_socialist
Banco Central Autonomy — Lei Complementar 179/2021 br_bcb_independence_lc179_2021	2021-02	↑	central bank independence↑	classical_liberal developmentalism austrian social_democratic eco_socialist
Bolsa Escola federal programme (Lei 10.219/2001) br_bolsa_escola_2001	2001-04	↑	transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism
Bolsa Família second-term expansion br_bolsa_familia_expansion_2006_2010	2006-01	↑	transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Plano Bresser and Plano Verão (1987-1989) br_bresser_summer_plans_1987_1989	1987-06	↑↓	monetary expansion direction↑financial deregulation↓	post_keynesian chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
Collor impeachment (September-December 1992) br_collor_impeachment_1992	1992-09	↑	rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Constituição Cidadã 1988 (Brazilian Constitution) br_constitution_1988	1988-10	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑rule of law↑judicial independence↑spending level↑	post_keynesian chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
Plano Cruzado (Brazil, February 1986) br_cruzado_plan_1986	1986-02	↓↓↓	monetary expansion direction↓financial deregulation↓product market competition↓	post_keynesian chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
CSN and Embraer privatisations 1993-1994 br_csn_embraer_privatisation_1993_1994	1993-04	↑↓	product market competition↑spending level↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Delfim Netto heterodox reflation (Brazil, 1979-1980) br_delfim_heterodox_reflation_1979_1980	1979	↑↓↑	spending level↑labour market flexibility↓monetary expansion direction↑	chicago_monetarism developmentalism post_keynesian
Direct gubernatorial elections (Brazil, November 1982) br_direct_state_elections_1982	1982-11	↑	rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism developmentalism post_keynesian
MP 579 electricity tariff forcing (forced concession renewal) br_electricity_tariff_forcing_mp579_2012	2012-09	↓↓	property rights↓product market competition↓	developmentalism post_keynesian ordoliberal
Eletrobras privatisation — Lei 14.182/2021 br_eletrobras_privatisation_lei14182_2021	2021-07	↑↑	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal developmentalism austrian social_democratic eco_socialist
Brazilian external-debt moratorium 1987 br_external_debt_moratorium_1987	1987-02	↓↓	property rights↓trade openness↓	post_keynesian chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
Fundo Social de Emergência (FSE) 1994 br_fundo_social_emergencia_1994	1994-03	↓	spending level↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Brazil GFC countercyclical — BNDES + IPI cuts + Minha Casa Minha Vida br_gfc_bndes_ipi_countercyclical_2008_2010	2008-12	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑monetary expansion direction↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Brazilian hyperinflation escalation 1989-1990 br_hyperinflation_escalation_1989_1990	1989	↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑spending level↑	post_keynesian chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
II Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento (Brazil, 1974-1979) br_ii_pnd_1974	1974-12	↑↑↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑sectoral licensing↑trade openness↓	developmentalism post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Brazil IMF Extended Fund Facility (1983) br_imf_eff_1983	1983-02	↓↓	spending level↓monetary expansion direction↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism post_keynesian
Brazil IMF Stand-By programmes 1998, 2001, 2002 br_imf_standby_programs_1998_2002	1998-11	↓↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑	classical_liberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism
Brazil inflation-targeting adoption (Decreto 3.088/1999) br_inflation_targeting_adoption_1999	1999-06	↑	central bank independence↑	classical_liberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism
IPI auto-sector tax holidays and Inovar-Auto programme br_ipi_auto_tax_holidays_2011_2014	2011-09	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓	developmentalism post_keynesian ordoliberal
Reforma Trabalhista — Lei 13.467/2017 br_labour_reform_lei13467_2017	2017-07	↑	labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal new_keynesian social_democratic
Operação Lava Jato — Petrobras corruption investigation br_lava_jato_petrobras_2014_2016	2014-03	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	developmentalism post_keynesian ordoliberal
Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LC 101/2000) br_lrf_fiscal_responsibility_law_2000	2000-05	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	classical_liberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism
Brazil maxi-devaluation (February 1983) br_maxi_devaluation_1983	1983-02	↑↑	trade openness↑monetary expansion direction↑	chicago_monetarism developmentalism post_keynesian
Mercosur — Treaty of Asunción (26 March 1991) br_mercosur_treaty_asuncion_1991	1991-03	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Nova Matriz Econômica — Dilma heterodox policy mix br_nova_matriz_economica_2011_2014	2011-08	↓↑↓	product market competition↓sectoral subsidy↑central bank independence↓	developmentalism post_keynesian ordoliberal
Brazil-West Germany nuclear cooperation accord (27 June 1975) br_nuclear_accord_germany_1975	1975-06	↑↑↑	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↑	developmentalism post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Lei da Terceirização — Lei 13.429/2017 br_outsourcing_law_lei13429_2017	2017-03	↑	labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal new_keynesian social_democratic
Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC I and II) br_pac_infrastructure_programme_2007	2007-01	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Brazilian Party Reform (Lei 6767 de 1979) br_party_reform_1979	1979-12	↑	rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism developmentalism post_keynesian
Pedaladas fiscais — delayed Treasury transfers to public banks br_pedaladas_fiscais_2012_2014	2012-01	↓↑	rule of law↓spending level↑	developmentalism post_keynesian ordoliberal
Reforma da Previdência — Constitutional Amendment 103/2019 br_pension_reform_ec103_2019	2019-11	↓	spending level↓	classical_liberal developmentalism austrian social_democratic eco_socialist
Petrobras risk-contracts opening (Brazil, 1975) br_petrobras_risk_contracts_1975	1975-10	↑↓	trade openness↑sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Plano Collor I — asset freeze (March 1990) br_plano_collor_asset_freeze_1990	1990-03	↓↓↓	financial deregulation↓property rights↓monetary expansion direction↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
PND privatisation deepening 1993-1994 br_pnd_deepening_1993_1994	1993	↑	product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Programa Nacional de Desestatização (PND) launch 1990 br_pnd_privatisation_1990	1990-04	↑↓	product market competition↑spending level↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Pre-salt partition-of-production regulatory regime br_pre_sal_partition_production_regime_2010	2010-12	↓↑	property rights↓sectoral licensing↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Brazilian pre-salt oil discovery (Tupi / Lula field) br_pre_salt_discovery_2007	2007-11	↓	property rights↓	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Proálcool sugar-ethanol fuel programme (Brazil, 1975) br_proalcool_1975	1975-11	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↑sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Real devaluation January 1999 br_real_devaluation_1999	1999-01	↑↑	central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↑	classical_liberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism
TLP BNDES benchmark rate reform — Lei 13.483/2017 br_tcu_investment_divestment_2017	2017-09	↓	sectoral subsidy↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal new_keynesian social_democratic
Teto de Gastos — Constitutional Amendment 95 spending cap br_teto_de_gastos_pec95_2016	2016-12	↓	spending level↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal new_keynesian social_democratic
URV — Unidade Real de Valor parallel indexation (March-June 1994) br_urv_parallel_indexation_1994	1994-03	↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Brazil Bndes Credit Expansion 2008 2010 brazil_bndes_credit_expansion_2008_2010	2003	↑↑↑—	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑spending level↑central bank independence—	social_democratic new_keynesian developmentalism
Brazil Bndes Credit Reexpansion 2023 brazil_bndes_credit_reexpansion_2023	2023	↑↑~↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑tax progressivity~sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Brazil Bolsa Familia 2 Relaunch 2023 brazil_bolsa_familia_2_relaunch_2023	2023	↑↑~↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑tax progressivity~sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Brazil Bolsa Familia Law 10836 2004 brazil_bolsa_familia_law_10836_2004	2003	↑↑↑—	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑spending level↑central bank independence—	social_democratic new_keynesian developmentalism
Brazil Fiscal Responsibility Law 2000 brazil_fiscal_responsibility_law_2000	1993	↓↑↑↓	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑product market competition↑spending level↓	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal institutionalism post_keynesian
Brazil Fuel of the Future Law 2024 brazil_fuel_of_future_law_2024	2024-10	↑↑↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↑	social_democratic developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Brazil Inflation Targeting 1999 brazil_inflation_targeting_1999	1993	↓↑↑↓	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑product market competition↑spending level↓	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal new_keynesian institutionalism post_keynesian
Brazil Inflation Targeting Continuity brazil_inflation_targeting_continuity	2003	↑↑↑—	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑spending level↑central bank independence—	social_democratic new_keynesian developmentalism
Brazil Inflation Targeting Regime 1999 brazil_inflation_targeting_regime_1999	1993	↑↓↑↑	central bank independence↑spending level↓product market competition↑trade openness↑	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Brazil Marco Fiscal Lc200 2023 brazil_marco_fiscal_lc200_2023	2023	↑↑~↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑tax progressivity~sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Brazil Mercosur Eu Trade Deal 2024 brazil_mercosur_eu_trade_deal_2024	2023	↑↑~↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑tax progressivity~sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Brazil Minimum Wage Policy 2003 2010 brazil_minimum_wage_policy_2003_2010	2003	↑↑↑—	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑spending level↑central bank independence—	social_democratic new_keynesian developmentalism
Brazil Minimum Wage Valorisation Formula 2023 brazil_minimum_wage_valorisation_formula_2023	2023	↑↑~↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑tax progressivity~sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Brazil Mover Green Mobility Law 2024 brazil_mover_green_mobility_law_2024	2024-06	↑↓↑	sectoral subsidy↑tax corporate↓environmental stringency↑	social_democratic developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Brazil Nova Industria 2024 brazil_nova_industria_2024	2023	↑↑~↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑tax progressivity~sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Brazil Pe-de-Meia School Savings Programme 2024 brazil_pe_de_meia_school_savings_2024	2024-01	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Plano Real — Brazil monetary stabilisation 1994 brazil_plano_real_1994	1994-07	↑↓	central bank independence↑spending level↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian ordoliberal new_keynesian institutionalism
Brazil PPCDAm Amazon Deforestation Action Plan 2023 brazil_ppcdam_amazon_deforestation_plan_2023	2023-06	↑↑	environmental stringency↑rule of law↑	social_democratic developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Brazil Pre Salt Oil Framework 2010 brazil_pre_salt_oil_framework_2010	2003	↑↑↑—	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑spending level↑central bank independence—	social_democratic new_keynesian developmentalism
Brazil Privatisations 1995 2000 brazil_privatisations_1995_2000	1993	↓↑↑↓	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑product market competition↑spending level↓	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal new_keynesian institutionalism post_keynesian
Brazil Privatisations 1995 2002 brazil_privatisations_1995_2002	1993	↑↓↑↑	central bank independence↑spending level↓product market competition↑trade openness↑	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Brazil Real Introduction 1994 brazil_real_introduction_1994	1993	↑↓↑↑	central bank independence↑spending level↓product market competition↑trade openness↑	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Brazil Real Launch 1994 brazil_real_launch_1994	1993	↓↑↑↓	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑product market competition↑spending level↓	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal new_keynesian institutionalism post_keynesian
Brazil SBCE Carbon Market Law 2024 brazil_sbce_carbon_market_law_2024	2024-12	↑↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑	social_democratic developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Brazil Tax Reform Ec132 2023 brazil_tax_reform_ec132_2023	2023	↑↑~↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑tax progressivity~sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Brazil Tax Reform Implementing Complementary Law 214 2025 brazil_tax_reform_lc214_2025	2025-01	↑↑~	product market competition↑rule of law↑tax progressivity~	social_democratic developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Brazil Telecom Reform 1995 1998 brazil_telecom_reform_1995_1998	1993	↑↓↑↑	central bank independence↑spending level↓product market competition↑trade openness↑	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Brazil Urv 1994 brazil_urv_1994	1993	↑↓↑↑	central bank independence↑spending level↓product market competition↑trade openness↑	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Brazil Urv Transition 1994 brazil_urv_transition_1994	1993	↓↑↑↓	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑product market competition↑spending level↓	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal new_keynesian institutionalism post_keynesian
Belarus 1996 presidential constitutional consolidation by_1996_presidential_constitution	1996	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	marxist_leninist developmentalism classical_liberal
Belarus administrative price and directed-credit controls by_admin_price_credit_controls_1994_2015	1994	↓↓↑	product market competition↓central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↑	marxist_leninist developmentalism classical_liberal
Belarus state-enterprise retention model by_state_enterprise_retention_1995	1995	↓↓↑	property rights↓product market competition↓sectoral subsidy↑	marxist_leninist developmentalism classical_liberal
Canada — Anti-terrorism Act 2015 (Bill C-51) ca_bill_c51_anti_terrorism_2015	2015-06	↓—	rule of law↓judicial independence—	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian eco_socialist
Canada — Build Canada Homes programme (2025) ca_build_canada_homes_2025	2025-06	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic classical_liberal austrian eco_socialist
Canadair and de Havilland privatisations (1986) ca_canadair_dehavilland_privatisation_1986	1986-08	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Canada — Cancellation of 2024 capital-gains inclusion rate increase (2025) ca_capital_gains_inclusion_cancellation_2025	2025-03	↓↓	tax capital↓tax progressivity↓	empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic classical_liberal austrian eco_socialist
Canada — Consumer fuel-charge cancellation of federal carbon price (2025) ca_carbon_tax_consumer_cancellation_2025	2025-03	↓↓	environmental stringency↓transfer expansion↓	empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic classical_liberal austrian eco_socialist
Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) ca_ceta_2014	2014-09	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian eco_socialist
Charlottetown Accord referendum 1992 ca_charlottetown_accord_1992	1992-10	—	rule of law—	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) ca_charter_rights_freedoms_1982	1982-04	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism classical_liberal
Canada Health and Social Transfer (CHST) block grant 1996 ca_chst_block_grant_1996	1996-04	↓—	transfer expansion↓rule of law—	classical_liberal institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Civil Marriage Act 2005 ca_civil_marriage_act_2005	2005-07	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Clarity Act (Bill C-20) 2000 ca_clarity_act_2000	2000-06	↑	rule of law↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Constitution Act 1982 — patriation ca_constitution_act_patriation_1982	1982-04	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism classical_liberal
Canada — Federal general corporate income tax reduction (2007-2012) ca_corporate_tax_cut_22_to_15_2007_2012	2007-10	↓↓	tax corporate↓spending level↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian eco_socialist
Canada Pension Plan reform 1997 ca_cpp_reform_1997	1997-12	—↑	spending level—central bank independence↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA, 1988) ca_cusfta_1988	1988-01	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Canada — Economic Action Plan 2009 stimulus package ca_economic_action_plan_2009	2009-01	↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian eco_socialist
Canada 2000 Budget + October 2000 Economic Statement tax cut ca_february_2000_tax_cut	2000-02	↓↓	tax progressivity↓tax capital↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Federal Program Review 1994-1996 ca_federal_program_review_1994_1996	1994-02	↓↑	spending level↓product market competition↑	classical_liberal institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Gomery Commission into sponsorship programme 2004-2005 ca_gomery_commission_2004_2005	2004-02	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Canada — GST rate reduction from 7% to 5% (2006-2008) ca_gst_cut_7_to_5_2006_2008	2006-07	↓↓	tax progressivity↓spending level↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian eco_socialist
Goods and Services Tax (GST) introduction 1991 ca_gst_introduction_1991	1991-01	↓↑	tax progressivity↓trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Health Accord 2004 (10-Year Plan to Strengthen Health Care) ca_health_accord_2004	2004-09	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Canada — Reduction of immigration admission targets (2025) ca_immigration_levels_reduction_2025	2024-10	↓	immigration openness↓	empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic classical_liberal austrian eco_socialist
Bank of Canada-Finance inflation-targeting framework 1991 ca_inflation_targeting_1991	1991-02	↑↓	central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Investment Canada Act — FIRA replacement (1985) ca_investment_canada_firab_replacement_1985	1985-06	↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Canada Iraq War refusal — March 2003 ca_iraq_war_refusal_2003	2003-03	↑	rule of law↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Kelowna Accord 2005 ca_kelowna_accord_2005	2005-11	↑	transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Canada Kyoto Protocol ratification 2002 ca_kyoto_ratification_2002	2002-12	↑	environmental stringency↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Martin Budget 1995 — Canadian deficit slaying ca_martin_budget_1995	1995-02	↓↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓	classical_liberal institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Meech Lake Accord failure 1987-1990 ca_meech_lake_failure_1987_1990	1987-04	—	rule of law—	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Canada — Lowest personal income tax bracket rate cut 15% to 14% (2025) ca_middle_bracket_tax_cut_2025	2025-07	↓↓	tax progressivity↓spending level↓	empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic classical_liberal austrian eco_socialist
NAFTA — Canadian accession 1994 ca_nafta_canada_1994	1994-01	↑↑	trade openness↑property rights↑	classical_liberal institutionalism chicago_monetarism
National Energy Program (NEP) — Canada 1980 ca_national_energy_program_1980	1980-10	↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism classical_liberal
Quebec sovereignty referendum 30 October 1995 ca_quebec_referendum_1995	1995-10	↑	rule of law↑	classical_liberal institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Six-and-Five federal wage restraint programme (1982) ca_six_and_five_wage_controls_1982	1982-06	↓↓	labour market flexibility↓monetary expansion direction↓	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism classical_liberal
Canada — Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA) introduction ca_tfsa_2009	2009-01	↓↓	tax capital↓tax progressivity↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian eco_socialist
Canada — Retaliatory tariffs on US imports (2025) ca_us_retaliatory_tariffs_2025	2025-03	↓↑	trade openness↓sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic classical_liberal austrian eco_socialist
Western Accord — NEP dismantling (1985) ca_western_accord_nep_dismantling_1985	1985-03	↓↓↑	sectoral licensing↓sectoral subsidy↓trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Wilson Tax Reform 1987 (Phase I) ca_wilson_tax_reform_1987	1987-06	↓↓	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Central African Republic constitutional referendum and Seventh Republic 2023 caf_constitutional_referendum_seventh_republic_2023	2023-08	~↓	rule of law~judicial independence↓	—
Central African Republic IMF Extended Credit Facility 2023 caf_imf_ecf_2023	2023-04	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	—
Central African Republic peace and reconciliation agreement 2019 caf_political_agreement_peace_reconciliation_2019	2019-02	↑↑	rule of law↑property rights↑	—
California Ab1279 2022 california_ab1279_2022	2006	↑↑↑~	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security~	eco_socialist ordoliberal austrian
California Ab32 2006 california_ab32_2006	2006	↑↑↑~	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security~	eco_socialist ordoliberal austrian
California Advanced Clean Cars Ii 2022 california_advanced_clean_cars_ii_2022	2006	↑↑↑~	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security~	eco_socialist ordoliberal austrian
California Cap And Trade 2012 california_cap_and_trade_2012	2006	↑↑↑~	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security~	eco_socialist ordoliberal austrian
California Sb100 2018 california_sb100_2018	2006	↑↑↑~	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security~	eco_socialist ordoliberal austrian
California Sb253 Sb261 2023 california_sb253_sb261_2023	2006	↑↑↑~	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security~	eco_socialist ordoliberal austrian
California Sb32 2016 california_sb32_2016	2006	↑↑↑~	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security~	eco_socialist ordoliberal austrian
Canada Boc Inflation Targeting 1991 canada_boc_inflation_targeting_1991	1984	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Canada Capital Gains Inclusion 2024 canada_capital_gains_inclusion_2024	2015	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑tax capital↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Canada Carbon Pricing Ghgppa 2018 canada_carbon_pricing_ghgppa_2018	2015	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑tax capital↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Canada Cerb Covid Fiscal Response 2020 2022 canada_cerb_covid_fiscal_response_2020_2022	2015	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑tax capital↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Canada Child Benefit 2016 canada_child_benefit_2016	2015	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑tax capital↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Canada Child Care 10 Dollar Day 2021 canada_child_care_10_dollar_day_2021	2015	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑tax capital↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Canada Cpp Enhancement 2016 canada_cpp_enhancement_2016	2015	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑tax capital↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Canada Cpp Reform 1997 canada_cpp_reform_1997	1984	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Canada Cusfta 1988 canada_cusfta_1988	1984	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Canada Dental Pharmacare Ndp Agreement 2023 2024 canada_dental_pharmacare_ndp_agreement_2023_2024	2015	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑tax capital↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Canada Gst 1991 canada_gst_1991	1984	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Canada Immigration Levels Plan 2015 Present canada_immigration_levels_plan_2015_present	2015	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑tax capital↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Canada — Paul Martin Fiscal Consolidation 1995-1998 canada_martin_fiscal_consolidation_1995	1995-02	↓↓↑	spending level↓transfer expansion↓product market competition↑	classical_liberal institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Canada Nafta Accession 1994 canada_nafta_accession_1994	1984	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Canada Privatisations 1988 1995 canada_privatisations_1988_1995	1984	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Canada Program Review 1995 canada_program_review_1995	1984	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Gecamines resource-state consolidation cd_gecamines_resource_state_1967	1967	↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑spending level↑property rights↓	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal
Fiscal dominance and monetary instability cd_monetary_fiscal_instability_1970s_1990s	1975	↓↑↓	central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↑rule of law↓	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal
Zairianisation cd_zairianisation_1973	1973	↓↓↓	property rights↓rule of law↓trade openness↓	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal
Swiss Zauberformel (Magic Formula) 1959 — 2+2+2+1 Federal Council allocation ch_federal_council_zauberformel_formation_1959	1959	↑	rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Swiss Federal Health Insurance Act (KVG/LAMal, 1994) ch_kvg_health_insurance_act_1994	1994	↑↑	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Swiss SNB abandonment of DM-ceiling and monetary targeting 1978-1981 ch_snb_floating_franc_1978	1978-10	↑	central bank independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Swiss mandatory unemployment insurance law (AVIG) 1984 ch_unemployment_insurance_law_1984	1984-01	↑	transfer expansion↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Swiss VAT (Mehrwertsteuer) referendum rejections 1977 and 1979 ch_vat_referendum_rejection_1977	1977-06	—	spending level—	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Chile Afp 1981 chile_afp_1981	1981	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓tax capital↑product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism austrian
Chile Banking Liberalisation 1977 chile_banking_liberalisation_1977	1975	↑↑↓↓	trade openness↑product market competition↑financial deregulation↓rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism austrian
Chile Fx Opening 1976 chile_fx_opening_1976	1975	↑↑↓↓	trade openness↑product market competition↑financial deregulation↓rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism austrian
Chile Pension Reform Proposed 2024 chile_pension_reform_proposed_2024	1981	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓tax capital↑product market competition↑	—
Chile Pillar 1 Solidarity 2008 chile_pillar_1_solidarity_2008	1981	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓tax capital↑product market competition↑	—
Chile SOE Privatisations 1975-1989 chile_soe_privatisations_1975_1989	1975	↑↑↓↓	trade openness↑product market competition↑financial deregulation↓rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism austrian
Chile Trade Opening 1975-1979 chile_trade_opening_1975_1979	1975	↑↑↓↓	trade openness↑product market competition↑financial deregulation↓rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism austrian
Reform and Opening (改革开放) — 1978 china_deng_reform_opening_1978	1978-12	↑↑↑↓	product market competition↑trade openness↑property rights↑sectoral subsidy↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
China Household Responsibility System 1978 china_household_responsibility_1978	1978	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑property rights↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
China Sez Establishment 1980 china_sez_establishment_1980	1978	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑property rights↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
China Soe Reform 2001 2006 china_soe_reform_2001_2006	2001	↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑property rights↑	chicago_monetarism developmentalism
China Soe Restructuring 1990S china_soe_restructuring_1990s	1978	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑property rights↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
China Trading Rights Liberalisation china_trading_rights_liberalisation	2001	↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑property rights↑	chicago_monetarism developmentalism
China WTO Accession 2001 china_wto_accession_2001	2001-12	↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑rule of law↑	developmentalism market_socialist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
China Wto Tariff Reductions 2001 china_wto_tariff_reductions_2001	2001	↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑property rights↑	chicago_monetarism developmentalism
Agricultural frontier export model ci_agricultural_frontier_export_model_1960s	1960	↑↑~↓	trade openness↑immigration openness↑property rights~environmental stringency↓	developmentalism classical_liberal institutionalism
CAISTAB cocoa and coffee price stabilization ci_cocoa_coffee_export_board_caistab_1960	1960	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal institutionalism
Open door to French capital and expertise ci_french_capital_open_door_1960s	1960	↑↑↑	trade openness↑property rights↑product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal institutionalism
40-hour Work Week — Ley 21.561 phased working-time reduction (Chile 2023) cl_40_hour_work_week_2023	2023-04	↓	labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic post_keynesian eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Acuerdo Paz Nueva Constitucion 2019 cl_acuerdo_paz_nueva_constitucion_2019	2018	↓↑↑↓	tax corporate↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑immigration openness↓	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Three 10% AFP Pension Withdrawals (Chile 2020-2021) cl_afp_retiros_10_2020_2021	2020-07	↓↑↓	property rights↓transfer expansion↑financial deregulation↓	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Asian crisis response and encaje removal 1998 cl_asian_crisis_encaje_removal_1998	1998-09	↑↑	financial deregulation↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Banco Central de Chile autonomy activation 1989-1990 cl_bcch_autonomy_activation_1989_1990	1989-10	↑	central bank independence↑	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism chicago_monetarism
CAE state-guaranteed student loan consolidation cl_cae_student_loan_consolidation_2010_2012	2012-09	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑transfer expansion↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Chile FTAs with Canada, Mexico, Mercosur association 1996-1998 cl_canada_mexico_mercosur_fta_1996_1998	1996	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Chile infrastructure concessions framework 1996 cl_concessions_law_infrastructure_1996	1996	↑	product market competition↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Chile constitutional reform 2005 (Ley 20.050) cl_constitutional_reform_2005	2005-08	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic classical_liberal
Chile 2009 countercyclical fiscal stimulus cl_countercyclical_stimulus_2009	2009-01	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic post_keynesian
Despenalizacion Aborto 3 Causales 2017 cl_despenalizacion_aborto_3_causales_2017	2014	↑↑↑↑	tax corporate↑tax progressivity↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Encaje — Chilean unremunerated reserve requirement on capital inflows 1991 cl_encaje_capital_controls_1991	1991-06	↓	financial deregulation↓	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism chicago_monetarism
FEES + FRP sovereign funds — Ley 20.128 Fiscal Responsibility Law cl_fees_stabilisation_fund_2006	2006-09	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic post_keynesian
Chile structural-balance fiscal rule 2001 cl_fiscal_structural_balance_rule_2001	2001-06	—↑	spending level—rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic classical_liberal
Gratuidad en Educación Superior — tuition-free tertiary (Chile 2016-2018) cl_gratuidad_universitaria_2016	2018-05	↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑sectoral licensing↓	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Ingreso Familiar de Emergencia (IFE) — Covid-19 cash transfer (Chile 2020-2021) cl_ife_covid_2020_2021	2020-05	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Chilean labour-law restoration 1991 (Ley 19.049) cl_labour_law_restoration_1991	1991-02	↓	labour market flexibility↓	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Ley Corta Isapres 2024 cl_ley_corta_isapres_2024	2022	↑~↑↓	tax corporate↑tax progressivity~transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic post_keynesian eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Ley Migraciones 2021 cl_ley_migraciones_2021	2018	↓↑↑↓	tax corporate↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑immigration openness↓	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
LGE Ley General de Educación 2009 cl_lge_education_law_2009	2009-09	↑↑	sectoral licensing↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic post_keynesian
Royalty Minero — Ley 21.591 copper mining royalty reform (Chile 2023) cl_mining_royalty_reform_2023	2023-08	↑↑↓	tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑sectoral licensing↓	social_democratic post_keynesian eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Modernizacion Tributaria 2020 cl_modernizacion_tributaria_2020	2018	↓↑↑↓	tax corporate↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑immigration openness↓	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Pension Reform Ley 21735 2025 cl_pension_reform_ley_21735_2025	2022	↑~↑↓	tax corporate↑tax progressivity~transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic post_keynesian eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Pension reform — Pilar Solidario (Ley 20.255) cl_pension_reform_pilar_solidario_2008	2008-03	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic post_keynesian
Chile specific mining royalty reform — Ley 20.469 cl_pinera_i_copper_royalty_reform_2010	2010-10	↑	tax corporate↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Chile post-earthquake corporate tax hike — Ley 20.455 cl_pinera_i_corporate_tax_hike_2010	2010-07	↑	tax corporate↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
2010 Maule earthquake reconstruction programme cl_pinera_i_earthquake_reconstruction_2010	2010-03	↑↑	spending level↑tax corporate↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Chile tax reform 2012 — Ley 20.630 cl_pinera_i_tax_reform_2012	2012-09	↑↑	tax corporate↑tax progressivity↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Pinochet London arrest 1998 and Chilean civil-military rebalancing cl_pinochet_london_arrest_1998	1998-10	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Plan AUGE / GES — Ley 19.966 cl_plan_auge_ges_2004_2005	2004-09	↑↑	transfer expansion↑sectoral licensing↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic classical_liberal
Plebiscito Constitucional 2022 2023 cl_plebiscito_constitucional_2022_2023	2022	↑~↑↓	tax corporate↑tax progressivity~transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic post_keynesian eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Reforma Educacional Inclusion 2015 cl_reforma_educacional_inclusion_2015	2014	↑↑↑↑	tax corporate↑tax progressivity↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Reforma Laboral 2016 cl_reforma_laboral_2016	2014	↑↑↑↑	tax corporate↑tax progressivity↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Reforma Pensional Pilar Solidario 2016 cl_reforma_pensional_pilar_solidario_2016	2014	↑↑↑↑	tax corporate↑tax progressivity↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Chilean Reforma Procesal Penal initiation 1997-1999 cl_reforma_procesal_penal_initiation_1997	1999-10	↑↑	judicial independence↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Reforma Tributaria — Ley 20.780 (Chile 2014) cl_reforma_tributaria_2014	2014-09	↑↑↑	tax corporate↑tax capital↑environmental stringency↑	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Reforma Tributaria Pacto Fiscal Rechazada 2023 cl_reforma_tributaria_pacto_fiscal_rechazada_2023	2022	↑~↑↓	tax corporate↑tax progressivity~transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic post_keynesian eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Rettig Commission (Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación) 1990-1991 cl_rettig_commission_1990_1991	1990-04	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Chilean 1990 tax reform (Ley 18.985) — growth with equity cl_tax_reform_1990_growth_with_equity	1990-06	↑↑↑	tax corporate↑tax progressivity↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Transantiago transit-reform design 2005 cl_transantiago_design_2005	2005-10	↑	sectoral licensing↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic classical_liberal
Transantiago launch crisis February 2007 cl_transantiago_launch_crisis_2007	2007-02	↑↑	sectoral licensing↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic post_keynesian
Chile-US Free Trade Agreement cl_us_fta_2003_2004	2004-01	↑	trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic classical_liberal
Cameroon decentralisation and special-status law 2019 cmr_decentralisation_special_status_law_2019	2019-12	↑	rule of law↑	—
Cameroon fuel-subsidy price adjustments 2023-2024 cmr_fuel_subsidy_price_adjustments_2023_2024	2023	↓↓↓	sectoral subsidy↓spending level↓price control intensity↓	—
Cameroon IMF ECF and EFF arrangements 2021 cmr_imf_ecf_eff_2021	2021-07	↓↓↑	spending level↓sectoral subsidy↓rule of law↑	—
12Th Five Year Plan 2011 cn_12th_five_year_plan_2011	2002	↑↑↓↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓property rights↑	developmentalism market_socialist social_democratic post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
14th Party Congress 'socialist market economy' adoption 1992 cn_14th_congress_socialist_market_1992	1992-10	↑↑	rule of law↑product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Agricultural Tax Abolition 2006 cn_agricultural_tax_abolition_2006	2002	↑↑↓↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓property rights↑	developmentalism market_socialist social_democratic post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Anti Corruption Campaign 2012 cn_anti_corruption_campaign_2012	2012	↓↓↑↓	product market competition↓sectoral licensing↓sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓	developmentalism marxist_leninist market_socialist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Arrest of the Gang of Four (China 1976) cn_arrest_gang_of_four_1976	1976-10	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	developmentalism
China austerity and rectification programme 1988-1991 cn_austerity_rectification_1988_1991	1988	↓↓↓	product market competition↓monetary expansion direction↓financial deregulation↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Baoshan Steel Complex — Nippon Steel contract (China 1977) cn_baoshan_steel_japan_contract_1977	1977-12	↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism
Belt And Road 2013 cn_belt_and_road_2013	2012	↓↓↑↓	product market competition↓sectoral licensing↓sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓	developmentalism marxist_leninist market_socialist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Common Prosperity (共同富裕) Programme 2021 cn_common_prosperity_2021	2021-08	↑↓↓	transfer expansion↑product market competition↓property rights↓	developmentalism marxist_leninist market_socialist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Constitution Private Economy 1999 cn_constitution_private_economy_1999	1989	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑spending level↑	developmentalism market_socialist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour — reform reset 1992 cn_deng_southern_tour_1992	1992-01	↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Exchange Rate Unification 1994 cn_exchange_rate_unification_1994	1989	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑spending level↑	developmentalism market_socialist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Four-Trillion-Yuan Stimulus (四万亿) 2008-2010 cn_four_trillion_stimulus_2008	2008-11	↑↑↑	spending level↑monetary expansion direction↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism market_socialist social_democratic post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Housing Commercialisation 1998 cn_housing_commercialisation_1998	1989	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑spending level↑	developmentalism market_socialist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Housing Rescue Measures 2024 cn_housing_rescue_measures_2024	2012	↓↓↑↓	product market competition↓sectoral licensing↓sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓	developmentalism marxist_leninist market_socialist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Labour Contract Law 2008 cn_labour_contract_law_2008	2002	↑↑↓↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓property rights↑	developmentalism market_socialist social_democratic post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Made in China 2025 (中国制造2025) cn_made_in_china_2025_2015	2015-05	↑↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↓trade openness↓	developmentalism marxist_leninist market_socialist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
New Rural Medical Scheme 2003 cn_new_rural_medical_scheme_2003	2002	↑↑↓↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓property rights↑	developmentalism market_socialist social_democratic post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Pboc Law 1995 cn_pboc_law_1995	1989	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑spending level↑	developmentalism market_socialist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Platform Crackdown 2020 cn_platform_crackdown_2020	2012	↓↓↑↓	product market competition↓sectoral licensing↓sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓	developmentalism marxist_leninist market_socialist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
China Private Economy Promotion Law 2025 cn_private_economy_promotion_law_2025	2025-04	↑↑↓	property rights↑product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism marxist_leninist market_socialist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Property Rights Law 2007 cn_property_rights_law_2007	2002	↑↑↓↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓property rights↑	developmentalism market_socialist social_democratic post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
RMB Managed-Float Reform 2005 cn_rmb_exchange_rate_reform_2005	2005-07	↑↑	central bank independence↑trade openness↑	developmentalism market_socialist social_democratic post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Shanghai Pudong New Area establishment 1990 cn_shanghai_pudong_1990	1990-04	↑↓	trade openness↑tax corporate↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
SOE Reform: Grasp the Large, Let Go of the Small (抓大放小) 1995-2001 cn_soe_grasp_large_let_go_small_1995	1995	↑↑↓	product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑sectoral subsidy↓	developmentalism market_socialist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Tax-Sharing Reform (分税制) 1994 cn_tax_sharing_reform_1994	1994-01	↑↑	spending level↑rule of law↑	developmentalism market_socialist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Hua Guofeng Ten-Year Plan 1976-1985 (China 1978) cn_ten_year_plan_1978	1978-02	↑↑—	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑product market competition—	developmentalism
Three Child Policy 2021 cn_three_child_policy_2021	2012	↓↓↑↓	product market competition↓sectoral licensing↓sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓	developmentalism marxist_leninist market_socialist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Property-Developer 'Three Red Lines' Framework 2020 cn_three_red_lines_2020	2020-08	↓↓↓	financial deregulation↓sectoral licensing↓monetary expansion direction↓	developmentalism marxist_leninist market_socialist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Tiananmen martial law and June Fourth clearance 1989 cn_tiananmen_martial_law_1989	1989-05	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
4G road-infrastructure concessions programme (Colombia) co_4g_infrastructure_concessions_2014	2014	↑↑	spending level↑product market competition↑	new_keynesian institutionalism classical_liberal
Ley 35 de 1982 — political amnesty (Colombia) co_amnesty_ley_35_1982	1982-11	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Colombian Apertura Económica 1990-1992 co_apertura_economica_1990_1992	1990	↑↑	trade openness↑financial deregulation↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Banco de la República autonomy — Ley 31 de 1992 co_banrep_autonomy_ley_31_1992	1992-12	↑	central bank independence↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Colombian gradual tariff reduction 1989-1990 (pre-Apertura) co_barco_gradual_tariff_reduction_1989_1990	1989	↑	trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Bonanza cafetera macro management (Colombia, 1975-1977) co_bonanza_cafetera_management_1975_1977	1975	↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Cali Cartel dismantling 1995-1996 co_cali_cartel_dismantling_1995	1995	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian classical_liberal
Cerrejón coal and Cerromatoso ferronickel mega-projects (Colombia, 1981) co_cerrejon_ferronickel_1981	1981	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Constitución Política de Colombia 1991 co_constitution_1991	1991-07	↑↑↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑property rights↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Escobar endgame — La Catedral surrender, escape, death (1991-1993) co_escobar_endgame_1991_1993	1993-12	↑	rule of law↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Estatuto de Seguridad (Colombia, 1978) co_estatuto_seguridad_1978	1978-09	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Failed Ley de Solidaridad Sostenible tax-reform bill 2021 (Colombia) co_failed_solidaridad_sostenible_tax_reform_2021	2021-04	—↓	tax progressivity—rule of law↓	new_keynesian classical_liberal institutionalism
FARC Final Peace Agreement — Havana / Teatro Colón (Colombia) co_farc_peace_final_agreement_2016	2016-11	↑↑↑	rule of law↑property rights↑spending level↑	new_keynesian institutionalism classical_liberal
Launch of Havana FARC-government peace talks co_farc_peace_talks_launch_2012	2012-10	↑	rule of law↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Ley 55 de 1975 — financial-sector deepening (Colombia) co_financial_law_55_1975	1975-12	↓↑	financial deregulation↓product market competition↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Colombia fiscal rule — Ley 1473 co_fiscal_rule_ley_1473_2011	2011-07	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Plan Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición (PAN, Colombia 1975) co_food_nutrition_plan_pan_1975	1975-12	↑↑	transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Colombia IMF Extended Fund Facility December 1999 co_imf_extended_fund_facility_1999	1999-12	↓↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑	classical_liberal institutionalism
Ingreso Solidario pandemic cash transfer (Colombia) co_ingreso_solidario_pandemic_transfer_2020	2020-03	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal institutionalism
Ley 100 de 1993 — Colombian pensions and health reform co_ley_100_pensions_health_1993	1993-12	↑↑	transfer expansion↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Ley 2010 de 2019 — Ley de Crecimiento Económico (Colombia) co_ley_2010_2019_ley_crecimiento_economico	2019-12	↓↑↑	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↑product market competition↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal institutionalism
Ley 2155 de 2021 — Inversión Social (Colombia) co_ley_2155_2021_inversion_social	2021-09	↑↑	tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal institutionalism
Ley 50 de 1990 — Colombian labour reform co_ley_50_labour_reform_1990	1990-12	↑	labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Colombia Ley 617 de 2000 territorial fiscal discipline co_ley_617_territorial_fiscal_discipline_2000	2000-10	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	classical_liberal institutionalism
M-19 demobilisation accord March 1990 co_m19_demobilisation_accord_1990	1990-03	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Minimum wage increases above inflation — Santos II (Colombia) co_minimum_wage_above_inflation_2014_2018	2014	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑	new_keynesian institutionalism classical_liberal
Colombian narco-war against Los Extraditables 1986-1990 co_narco_war_extraditables_1986_1990	1986	↓	rule of law↓	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
OECD formal accession — Colombia (2020) co_oecd_accession_2020	2020-04	↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑rule of law↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal institutionalism
OECD accession invitation — Colombia (2018) co_oecd_accession_invitation_2018	2018-05	↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑rule of law↑	new_keynesian institutionalism classical_liberal
Palace of Justice siege (Colombia, 6-7 November 1985) co_palace_of_justice_siege_1985	1985-11	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Plan Colombia 2000 co_plan_colombia_2000	2000-07	↑↑	spending level↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal institutionalism
Plan de Economía Social 1987-1990 (Colombia) co_plan_economia_social_1987	1987	↑↑	transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Plan de Integración Nacional (PIN 1979-1982, Colombia) co_plan_integracion_nacional_1979	1979-10	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Proceso 8000 — Cali Cartel Samper campaign-financing scandal 1995-1996 co_proceso_8000_narco_campaign_financing_1995_1996	1996-06	↓	rule of law↓	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian classical_liberal
Colombia extractive-royalties reform — Sistema General de Regalías co_royalties_reform_2011_2012	2012-05	↑↑	transfer expansion↑rule of law↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
El Salto Social — Samper development plan 1995-1998 co_salto_social_plan_1995_1998	1995-06	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian classical_liberal
Séptima Papeleta student movement 1990 co_septima_papeleta_constituent_movement_1990	1990-03	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Colombian tax reform of 1974 (Decretos 2053-2247) co_tax_reform_1974	1974-09	↑↑↑	tax progressivity↑tax corporate↑tax capital↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Ley 1819 de 2016 — Reforma Tributaria Estructural (Colombia) co_tax_reform_law_1819_2016	2016-12	↑↓—	tax progressivity↑tax corporate↓spending level—	new_keynesian institutionalism classical_liberal
Colombia tax reform 2012 — Ley 1607 CREE + formalisation co_tax_reform_ley_1607_2012	2012-12	↑—	labour market flexibility↑tax corporate—	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Colombian Tequila contagion and 1998-99 recession preamble co_tequila_contagion_recession_1996_1998	1996	↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian classical_liberal
UPAC-to-UVR mortgage reform Ley 546 of 1999 co_upac_to_uvr_mortgage_reform_1999	1999-12	↑↑	financial deregulation↑property rights↑	classical_liberal institutionalism
Acuerdos de La Uribe with FARC (Colombia, 28 March 1984) co_uribe_accord_farc_1984	1984-03	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
US decertification of Colombia 1996-1997 co_us_decertification_1996_1997	1996-03	↓↓	trade openness↓rule of law↓	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian classical_liberal
US-Colombia extradition treaty activation (1984) co_us_extradition_treaty_activation_1984	1984-05	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Estatuto Temporal de Protección para Migrantes Venezolanos — ETPMV (Colombia) co_venezuelan_migrant_temporary_protection_2021	2021-03	↑↑	immigration openness↑labour market flexibility↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal institutionalism
Ventanilla siniestra — cocaine peso-laundering at BanRep (Colombia, late 1970s-1980s) co_ventanilla_siniestra_cocaine_peso_laundering_1980	1980	↓↓	financial deregulation↓rule of law↓	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Colombia Victims' Law and Land Restitution — Ley 1448 co_victims_law_ley_1448_2011	2011-06	↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑property rights↑rule of law↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Voluntary fiscal adjustment — 'Colombian Exception' (1984-1985) co_voluntary_fiscal_adjustment_colombian_exception_1984_1985	1984-06	↓↓↑	spending level↓monetary expansion direction↓trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Zona de Distensión del Caguán 1998-2002 co_zona_distension_caguan_1998_2002	1998-11	↓	rule of law↓	classical_liberal institutionalism
Republic of Congo Forest Code 2020 cog_forest_code_2020	2020-07	↑↑↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑property rights↑	—
Republic of Congo fuel-price adjustment 2023-2024 cog_fuel_price_adjustment_2023_2024	2023	↓↓↓	sectoral subsidy↓spending level↓price control intensity↓	—
Republic of Congo IMF Extended Credit Facility 2022 cog_imf_ecf_2022	2022-01	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	—
Colombia Capital Markets Holding Financiero 2021 colombia_capital_markets_holding_financiero_2021	2002	↑↑↓↑	rule of law↑trade openness↑tax corporate↓spending level↑	new_keynesian institutionalism classical_liberal
Colombia Covid Ingreso Solidario 2020 colombia_covid_ingreso_solidario_2020	2002	↑↑↓↑	rule of law↑trade openness↑tax corporate↓spending level↑	new_keynesian institutionalism classical_liberal
Colombia Democratic Security 2002 colombia_democratic_security_2002	2002	↑↑↑~	rule of law↑property rights↑trade openness↑tax corporate~	new_keynesian institutionalism classical_liberal
Colombia Farc Peace Accord 2016 colombia_farc_peace_accord_2016	2002	↑↑↓↑	rule of law↑trade openness↑tax corporate↓spending level↑	new_keynesian institutionalism classical_liberal
Colombia Free Trade Zones Law 1004 2005 colombia_free_trade_zones_law_1004_2005	2002	↑↑↑~	rule of law↑property rights↑trade openness↑tax corporate~	new_keynesian classical_liberal institutionalism
Colombia Health Reform Proposal 2023 2024 colombia_health_reform_proposal_2023_2024	2022	↑↑↑↓	tax progressivity↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian social_democratic eco_socialist marxian
Colombia Labour Reform 2023 2024 colombia_labour_reform_2023_2024	2022	↑↑↑↓	tax progressivity↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian social_democratic eco_socialist marxian
Colombia Minimum Wage Increases 2023 2024 colombia_minimum_wage_increases_2023_2024	2022	↑↑↑↓	tax progressivity↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian social_democratic eco_socialist marxian
Colombia Oecd Accession 2018 colombia_oecd_accession_2018	2002	↑↑↓↑	rule of law↑trade openness↑tax corporate↓spending level↑	new_keynesian institutionalism classical_liberal
Colombia Oil Gas Exploration Moratorium 2022 colombia_oil_gas_exploration_moratorium_2022	2022	↑↑↑↓	tax progressivity↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian social_democratic eco_socialist marxian
Colombia Pacific Alliance 2012 colombia_pacific_alliance_2012	2002	↑↑↓↑	rule of law↑trade openness↑tax corporate↓spending level↑	new_keynesian institutionalism classical_liberal
Colombia Paz Total 2022 colombia_paz_total_2022	2022	↑↑↑↓	tax progressivity↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian social_democratic eco_socialist marxian
Colombia Pension Reform Law 797 2003 colombia_pension_reform_law_797_2003	2002	↑↑↑~	rule of law↑property rights↑trade openness↑tax corporate~	new_keynesian institutionalism classical_liberal
Colombia Pension Reform Ley 2381 2024 colombia_pension_reform_ley_2381_2024	2022	↑↑↑↓	tax progressivity↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian social_democratic eco_socialist marxian
Colombia Reforma Tributaria 2022 colombia_reforma_tributaria_2022	2022	↑↑↑↓	tax progressivity↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian social_democratic eco_socialist marxian
Colombia Tax Reforms 2003 2006 colombia_tax_reforms_2003_2006	2002	↑↑↑~	rule of law↑property rights↑trade openness↑tax corporate~	new_keynesian classical_liberal institutionalism
Colombia Tax Reforms 2003 2021 colombia_tax_reforms_2003_2021	2002	↑↑↓↑	rule of law↑trade openness↑tax corporate↓spending level↑	new_keynesian institutionalism classical_liberal
Colombia Us Fta 2006 colombia_us_fta_2006	2002	↑↑↑~	rule of law↑property rights↑trade openness↑tax corporate~	new_keynesian institutionalism classical_liberal
Comoros 2018 presidential constitution reform com_2018_presidential_constitution_reform	2018	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	—
Comoros IMF ECF fiscal governance programme 2023 com_imf_ecf_fiscal_governance_2023	2023	↓↑↑	spending level↓tax corporate↑rule of law↑	—
Plan Comores Emergent 2030 com_plan_comores_emergent_2030_2019	2019	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	—
Cabo Verde IMF ECF fiscal consolidation 2022 cpv_imf_ecf_fiscal_consolidation_2022	2022	↓↑↑	spending level↓tax corporate↑rule of law↑	—
Cabo Verde IMF RSF climate reforms 2023 cpv_imf_rsf_climate_reforms_2023	2023	↑↑↑	environmental stringency↑energy supply security↑rule of law↑	—
Cabo Verde PEDS II Ambition 2030 strategy 2022 cpv_peds_ii_ambition_2030_2022	2022	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	—
Costa Rica army abolition 1948 cr_army_abolition_1948	1948	~↑	spending level~rule of law↑	social_democratic democratic_socialist institutionalism
Costa Rica bank nationalisation 1948 cr_bank_nationalisation_1948	1948	↑↓↑	financial deregulation↑product market competition↓sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic democratic_socialist institutionalism
Costa Rica social security and health expansion 1961-1973 cr_social_security_expansion_1961_1973	1961	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic democratic_socialist institutionalism
Czechoslovak Commercial Code 1991 cs_commercial_code_1991	1992-01	↑↑	property rights↑rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Czechoslovak large privatisation — voucher first wave 1991-1992 cs_large_privatisation_voucher_1991	1991-04	↑↑	property rights↑product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Czechoslovak normalizace purge and party-economy restructure 1969-1971 cs_normalisation_purge_1969_1971	1969	↓↓	rule of law↓product market competition↓	marxian marxist_leninist developmentalism austrian chicago_monetarism eco_socialist post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal
Czechoslovak přestavba reform programme 1987-1989 cs_prestavba_programme_1987	1987	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	marxian marxist_leninist developmentalism austrian chicago_monetarism eco_socialist post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal
Czechoslovak price liberalisation 1991 cs_price_liberalisation_1991	1991-01	↑↑↓	product market competition↑trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Czechoslovak restitution law 1991 cs_restitution_law_1991	1991-02	↑	property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Czechoslovak small privatisation law 1990 cs_small_privatisation_law_1990	1990-10	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Czechoslovak 'Souhrn opatření' 1980 — minor enterprise-autonomy tweaks cs_souhrn_opatreni_1980	1980	↑	product market competition↑	marxian marxist_leninist developmentalism austrian chicago_monetarism eco_socialist post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal
Cuba Central Planning Juceplan cuba_central_planning_juceplan	1959	↓↓↑↑	product market competition↓property rights↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	marxist_leninist marxian democratic_socialist
Cuba Cuentapropismo 1993 cuba_cuentapropismo_1993	1959	↓↓↑↑	product market competition↓property rights↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	marxist_leninist marxian democratic_socialist
Cuba Dual Currency 1994 2021 cuba_dual_currency_1994_2021	1959	↓↓↑↑	product market competition↓property rights↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	marxist_leninist marxian democratic_socialist
Cuba Expropriations 1960 1968 cuba_expropriations_1960_1968	1959	↓↓↑↑	product market competition↓property rights↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	marxist_leninist marxian democratic_socialist
Cuba Libreta Rationing 1962 cuba_libreta_rationing_1962	1959	↓↓↑↑	product market competition↓property rights↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	marxist_leninist marxian democratic_socialist
Cuba Raul Guidelines 2011 cuba_raul_guidelines_2011	1959	↓↓↑↑	product market competition↓property rights↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	marxist_leninist marxian democratic_socialist
Cuba Tarea Ordenamiento 2021 cuba_tarea_ordenamiento_2021	1959	↓↓↑↑	product market competition↓property rights↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	marxist_leninist marxian democratic_socialist
Cyprus Commercial Court and Admiralty Court reform 2022 cy_commercial_admiralty_court_2022	2022	↑↑	rule of law↑property rights↑	—
Cyprus euro adoption 2008 cy_euro_adoption_2008	2008-01	—↑	central bank independence—trade openness↑	—
Cyprus national minimum wage order 2023 cy_national_minimum_wage_2023	2023	↓—	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion—	—
Cyprus supreme-court and appeals reform 2023 cy_supreme_courts_reform_2023	2023	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	—
Czech Antivirus Covid wage subsidy 2020 cz_antivirus_wage_subsidy_2020	2020-04	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian austrian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Czech austerity packages April-May 1997 cz_austerity_packages_1997	1997-05	↓	spending level↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Big-four Czech commercial bank privatisation 2000-2001 cz_bank_privatisation_2000_2001	2000	↑↑	financial deregulation↑property rights↑	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal chicago_monetarism marxist_leninist social_democratic democratic_socialist
Capi hnizdo (Stork Nest) EU-subsidy case 2017-2021 cz_capi_hnizdo_subsidy_case_2017_2021	2017-09	↓↑	rule of law↓sectoral subsidy↑	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian austrian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Czech child tax-credit expansion 2015-2017 cz_child_tax_credit_expansion_2015	2015-01	↑↑	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian institutionalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Czech church property restitution 2012 cz_church_restitution_2012	2012-11	↑↑	property rights↑spending level↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism developmentalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Czech rollback of the 2024 consolidation package (2025) cz_consolidation_rollback_2025	2025	↑	spending level↑	developmentalism social_democratic ordoliberal
Corporate income tax phased reduction 2008-2010 cz_corporate_tax_cut_2008_2010	2008	↓	tax corporate↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Czech EET electronic revenue registration 2016 cz_eet_electronic_revenue_2016	2016-12	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓tax progressivity↑	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian austrian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Czech household energy-price cap and subsidy restoration (2025) cz_energy_price_cap_2025	2025	↓↑↓	product market competition↓sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↓	developmentalism social_democratic ordoliberal
Czech EU accession 2004 cz_eu_accession_2004	2004-05	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
15 percent flat personal income tax 2008 cz_flat_tax_15_percent_2008	2008-01	↓	tax progressivity↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Gross apartment-financing scandal 2005 cz_gross_apartment_scandal_2005	2005-04	↓	rule of law↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Investment Incentives Act 1998 cz_investment_incentives_act_1998	2000-05	↑↓↑	sectoral subsidy↑tax corporate↓trade openness↑	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal chicago_monetarism marxist_leninist social_democratic democratic_socialist
Czech Janota uesporny balicek austerity package 2009 cz_janota_austerity_package_2009	2009-10	↓↓	spending level↓tax progressivity↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Vaclav Klaus elected President by Parliament 2003 cz_klaus_president_election_2003	2003-02	—	rule of law—	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Czech koruna peg abandonment May 1997 cz_koruna_peg_abandonment_1997	1997-05	↑	central bank independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Czech ratification of Lisbon Treaty 2009 cz_lisbon_treaty_ratification_2009	2009-11	↑↑	rule of law↑trade openness↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian eco_socialist
Czech minimum-wage ramp 2014-2017 cz_minimum_wage_rises_2014_2017	2014-01	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian institutionalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
US missile-defence radar agreement 2008 cz_missile_defence_agreement_2008	2008-07	—	trade openness—	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Czech NATO accession 1999 cz_nato_accession_1999	1999-03	↑↑	trade openness↑spending level↑	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal chicago_monetarism marxist_leninist social_democratic democratic_socialist
Czech Republic OECD accession 1995 cz_oecd_accession_1995	1995-12	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Opposition Agreement CSSD-ODS 1998 cz_opposition_agreement_1998	1998-07	↓	rule of law↓	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal chicago_monetarism marxist_leninist social_democratic democratic_socialist
Czech uncapped pension-age formula 2011 cz_pension_age_uncap_2011	2011-09	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism developmentalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Czech restoration of pension indexation rules (2025) cz_pension_indexation_restore_2025	2025	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism social_democratic ordoliberal
Czech pension valorisation above-statutory hikes 2018-2020 cz_pension_valorisation_hikes_2018_2020	2018-01	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian austrian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Czech second-pillar pension abolition 2016 cz_second_pillar_abolition_2016	2016-01	↑↑	financial deregulation↑transfer expansion↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian institutionalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Czech second-pillar pension funds 2013 cz_second_pillar_pensions_2013	2013-01	↓↓	transfer expansion↓financial deregulation↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism developmentalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Czech second-reduced VAT rate 2015 cz_second_reduced_vat_2015	2015-01	↑	tax progressivity↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian institutionalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Czech second-wave voucher privatisation 1993-1994 cz_second_wave_voucher_privatisation_1994	1993-10	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Spidla public-finance reform 2003 cz_spidla_public_finance_reform_2003	2004-01	↓↓	spending level↓tax progressivity↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Czech super-gross-wage abolition 2021 cz_super_gross_wage_abolition_2021	2021-01	↓↑	tax progressivity↓spending level↑	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian austrian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Czech super-gross-wage solidarity surcharge 2013 cz_super_gross_wage_reform_2013	2013-01	↑	tax progressivity↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism developmentalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Czech VAT unification 2012-2013 cz_vat_unification_2012_2013	2012-01	↓↓	tax progressivity↓spending level↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism developmentalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Germany Atomausstieg (nuclear phase-out 2011) de_atomausstieg_2011	2011-08	↓↑↓	energy supply security↓environmental stringency↑property rights↓	classical_liberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
FRG Beschäftigungsförderungsgesetz 1985 — EPL loosening de_beschaeftigungsfoerderungsgesetz_1985	1985-04	↑	labour market flexibility↑	ordoliberal institutionalism classical_liberal
FRG Betriebsrentengesetz — occupational pension protection (1974) de_betriebsrentengesetz_1974	1974-12	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic ordoliberal post_keynesian
FRG Bonn G7 Summit locomotive strategy (July 1978) de_bonn_g7_locomotive_1978	1978-07	↑↓	spending level↑tax progressivity↓	social_democratic ordoliberal post_keynesian
Bürgergeld — replacement of Hartz IV with citizen's income 2023 de_buergergeld_reform_2023	2022-12	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist austrian
Bürgergeld tightening — sanctions restoration and activation re-binding 2025 de_buergergeld_verschaerfung_2025	2025-10	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↓	ordoliberal classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic eco_socialist
FRG Bundesumweltministerium creation (June 1986) de_bundesumweltministerium_1986	1986-06	↑	environmental stringency↑	ordoliberal institutionalism classical_liberal
Bundeswehr Sondervermögen EUR 100bn and Zeitenwende defence spending 2022 de_bundeswehr_sondervermoegen_2022	2022-06	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist austrian
Cannabis legalisation (Konsumcannabisgesetz) 2024 de_cannabis_legalisation_2024	2024-04	↑↑	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist austrian
Citizenship reform — Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz amendment 2024 de_citizenship_reform_staag_2024	2024-06	↑—	immigration openness↑rule of law—	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist austrian
Germany national CO2 pricing for buildings and transport (BEHG) de_co2_bepreisung_2021	2021-01	↑↓	environmental stringency↑tax progressivity↓	developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist classical_liberal ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism
COVID-19 fiscal response — Nachtragshaushalte and Kurzarbeit expansion 2020-2021 de_corona_sondervermoegen_2020	2020-03	↑↑↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	empirical_pragmatist eco_socialist austrian developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist classical_liberal ordoliberal chicago_monetarism
FRG founding of European Monetary System (March 1979) de_ems_founding_1979	1979-03	↑↑	central bank independence↑trade openness↑	social_democratic ordoliberal post_keynesian
Germany ESM Treaty ratification (2012) de_esm_treaty_ratification_2012	2012-09	↑—	rule of law↑spending level—	classical_liberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
EU-Turkey Statement on migration (Mar 2016) de_eu_turkey_statement_2016	2016-03	↓↑	immigration openness↓spending level↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist social_democratic institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
German Eurozone crisis bailout and conditionality posture 2010-2015 de_eurozone_bailout_posture_2010_2015	2012-09	↑↓	rule of law↑spending level↓	empirical_pragmatist eco_socialist austrian classical_liberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
FRG first federal-stake reductions: VEBA, VW (1987-1988) de_first_privatisations_veba_1987	1987	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	ordoliberal institutionalism classical_liberal
Germany Fiscal Compact ratification (TSCG 2012) de_fiscal_compact_ratification_2012	2012-06	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	classical_liberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
2015 refugee intake and integration framework ('Wir schaffen das') de_fluechtlingspolitik_wir_schaffen_das_2015	2015-09	↑↑	immigration openness↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist eco_socialist austrian democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist social_democratic institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian post_keynesian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Migrationswende — permanent internal-border controls and deportation framework 2025 de_grenzkontrollen_migrationswende_2025	2025-05	↓—	immigration openness↓rule of law—	ordoliberal classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic eco_socialist
FRG Haushaltsbegleitgesetz 1983 — consolidation package de_haushaltsbegleitgesetz_1983	1982-12	↓↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓	ordoliberal institutionalism classical_liberal
Heizungsgesetz — Gebäudeenergiegesetz amendment mandating 65% renewable heating 2023 de_heizungsgesetz_geg_2023	2023-09	↑↑↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist austrian
Corporate tax reduction and Investitionsbooster (accelerated depreciation) 2025 de_koerperschaftsteuer_investitionsbooster_2025	2025-07	↓↑	tax corporate↓sectoral subsidy↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic eco_socialist
Germany Kohleausstieg (coal phase-out law, 2020) de_kohleausstieg_2020	2020-07	↑↑↓	environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↓	developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist classical_liberal ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism
Germany Konjunkturpaket I+II GFC stimulus (~€80bn) de_konjunkturpakete_i_ii_2008_2009	2009-01	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Germany Kurzarbeit expansion during GFC de_kurzarbeit_gfc_expansion_2008_2009	2009-02	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
FRG Lambsdorff-Papier — supply-side manifesto (September 1982) de_lambsdorff_papier_1982	1982-09	↓↑	spending level↓labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic ordoliberal post_keynesian
LNG terminal acceleration law (LNG-Beschleunigungsgesetz) 2022 de_lng_terminal_acceleration_2022	2022-05	↑↓↑	energy supply security↑environmental stringency↓sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist austrian
Germany Mietpreisbremse rent-cap law (2015) de_mietpreisbremse_2015	2015-06	↓↑↑	product market competition↓housing rent control↑transfer expansion↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist social_democratic institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
German statutory minimum wage (Mindestlohngesetz) 2014-2015 de_mindestlohn_2014	2014-08	↓—	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion—	empirical_pragmatist eco_socialist austrian democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist social_democratic institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian post_keynesian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
FRG Mitbestimmungsgesetz 1976 — parity co-determination de_mitbestimmungsgesetz_1976	1976-05	↓↓	labour market flexibility↓property rights↓	social_democratic ordoliberal post_keynesian
Next Generation EU agreement (€750bn joint issuance, 2020) de_ngeu_agreement_2020	2020-07	↑↑	spending level↑rule of law↑	developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist classical_liberal ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism
Nord Stream 2 pipeline permitting and political defence 2015-2021 de_nord_stream_2_permitting_2015_2021	2018-03	↓↓	energy supply security↓sectoral licensing↓	empirical_pragmatist eco_socialist austrian
Germany Paris Agreement ratification (2016) de_paris_agreement_ratification_2016	2016-10	↑	environmental stringency↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist social_democratic institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Schuldenbremse — constitutional debt brake 2009 de_schuldenbremse_2009	2009-07	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist eco_socialist austrian developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Debt brake reform — defence carve-out above 1% of GDP 2025 de_schuldenbremse_reform_verteidigung_2025	2025-03	↑↓	spending level↑rule of law↓	ordoliberal classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic eco_socialist
Germany SoFFin Financial Market Stabilisation Fund (€480bn) de_soffin_bank_stabilisation_2008	2008-10	↓↑	financial deregulation↓spending level↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Sondervermögen Infrastruktur und Klimaneutralität EUR 500bn 2025 de_sondervermoegen_infrastruktur_500bn_2025	2025-03	↑↑↓	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↓	ordoliberal classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic eco_socialist
Germany Sparpaket 2010 (Zukunftspaket €80bn/4y) de_sparpaket_2010	2010-06	↓↓	spending level↓sectoral subsidy↓	classical_liberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
FRG Steuerreform 1986-1988 (Stoltenberg tax reform) de_steuerreform_1986_1988	1986	↓↓	tax progressivity↓spending level↓	ordoliberal institutionalism classical_liberal
Germany temporary VAT cut COVID (19%→16%, reduced 7%→5%) de_vat_cut_covid_2020	2020-07	↑↑	spending level↑tax progressivity↑	developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist classical_liberal ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism
Germany VAT rise from 16% to 19% (2007) de_vat_rise_19_2007	2007-01	↓↓	tax progressivity↓spending level↓	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
FRG Zukunftsinvestitionsprogramm — counter-cyclical investment (1975) de_zukunftsinvestitionsprogramm_1975	1975-08	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic ordoliberal post_keynesian
Danish flexicurity labour-market reform 1993-1994 denmark_flexicurity_1994	1994-01	↑↑↑	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist marxist_leninist developmentalism post_keynesian democratic_socialist
Djibouti IMF ECF fiscal and debt reforms 2024 dji_imf_ecf_fiscal_debt_reforms_2024	2024	↓↑↑	spending level↓tax corporate↑rule of law↑	—
Djibouti SOE governance and dividend decree 2025 dji_soe_governance_dividend_decree_2025	2025	↑↓↑	rule of law↑spending level↓property rights↑	—
Djibouti Vision 2035 logistics strategy 2014 dji_vision_2035_logistics_strategy_2014	2014	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑	—
2025-planen — Danish medium-term structural-balance framework 2017 dk_2025_plan_structural_balance_2017	2017-01	↓↓	spending level↓tax progressivity↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
24-year rule and attachment requirement (Udlaendingeloven 2002) dk_24_year_rule_2002	2002-07	↓↓	immigration openness↓transfer expansion↓	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian new_keynesian post_keynesian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist eco_socialist ordoliberal social_democratic austrian
Danish August 1977 wage-price package (augustforliget) dk_august_package_1977	1977-08	↓↓	labour market flexibility↓spending level↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
Budgetlov 2012 — Danish multi-year expenditure-ceiling law dk_budgetlov_2012	2012-06	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	social_democratic ordoliberal post_keynesian
Dagpenge unemployment-benefit duration halved 2010 dk_dagpenge_duration_cut_2010	2010-06	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Danish EU defence opt-out abolition referendum 2022 + NATO 2% pivot dk_defence_optout_referendum_2022	2022-06	↑↑	spending level↑energy supply security↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Efterløn reform — Danish early-retirement tightening 2011-2012 dk_efterloen_reform_2011_2012	2011-05	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic ordoliberal post_keynesian
Danish efterløn (early retirement) reform 1998-1999 dk_efterlon_reform_1998	1999-01	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist marxist_leninist developmentalism post_keynesian democratic_socialist
Danish adoption of the EU Fiscal Compact (Finanspagten) 2012 dk_eu_fiscal_compact_2012	2012-03	↓—	spending level↓central bank independence—	social_democratic ordoliberal post_keynesian
Danish euro-membership referendum 2000 — no dk_euro_referendum_no_2000	2000-09	—	central bank independence—	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist marxist_leninist developmentalism post_keynesian democratic_socialist
Folkeskolereform 2013 — Danish public-school reform + teacher-lockout working-time settlement dk_folkeskolereform_2013	2013-12	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑spending level↑	social_democratic ordoliberal post_keynesian
Forsraspakken 2.0 tax reform 2009 dk_forarspakke_2_0_2009	2009-05	↓↑	tax progressivity↓environmental stringency↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Genopretningspakken recovery package 2010 dk_genopretningspakken_2010	2010-05	↓↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Danish parallelsamfund / 'ghetto' legislation 2018-2021 dk_ghetto_parallelsamfund_2018_2021	2018-05	↓↓	immigration openness↓property rights↓	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Integrationsydelse + contanthjælpsloft — Danish cash-benefit tightening 2015-2016 dk_integrationsydelse_contanthjaelpsloft_2015_2016	2015-09	↓↑↓	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑immigration openness↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Danish 'kartoffelkur' October 1982 stabilisation package dk_kartoffelkur_october_1982_package	1982-10	↑↓	central bank independence↑spending level↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist marxian new_keynesian developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Danish Climate Act 2020 (Klimaloven — 70% by 2030) dk_klimalov_2020	2020-06	↑↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Kontanthjælpsreform 2013 — Danish youth cash-assistance reform dk_kontanthjaelp_reform_2013	2013-06	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic ordoliberal post_keynesian
Danish krone serial devaluations in European snake 1976-1979 dk_krone_devaluations_snake_1976_1979	1976	↑	monetary expansion direction↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
Danish labour-market reform — flexicurity foundation 1994-1998 dk_labour_market_reform_flexicurity_1994	1994-01	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist marxist_leninist developmentalism post_keynesian democratic_socialist
Danish Maastricht-Edinburgh referendum 1993 dk_maastricht_edinburgh_referendum_1993	1993-05	↑—	trade openness↑central bank independence—	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist marxist_leninist developmentalism post_keynesian democratic_socialist
Muhammad cartoons crisis 2005-2006 dk_muhammad_cartoons_crisis_2005_2006	2005-09	↓↑	trade openness↓rule of law↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian new_keynesian post_keynesian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist eco_socialist ordoliberal social_democratic austrian
Danish påskepakke 1986 consumption-tightening package dk_paaskepakke_1986	1986-03	↑↓	tax capital↑spending level↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist marxian new_keynesian developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Paradigmeskift — Danish asylum temporary-protection pivot 2019 dk_paradigmeskift_asylum_2019	2019-02	↓	immigration openness↓	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Danish ATP supplementary pension and efterløn early-retirement expansion 1975-1979 dk_pension_atp_expansion_1976	1975	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
PSO-afgift phase-out — Danish renewable-energy financing reform 2017-2022 dk_pso_afgift_phaseout_2017_2022	2016-11	——	sectoral subsidy—environmental stringency—	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Ret til tidlig pension ('Arne-pension') — Danish early-retirement reinstatement 2021 dk_ret_til_tidlig_pension_arne_2021	2021-12	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Skattereform 2012 — Danish tax reform raising employment deduction dk_skattereform_2012	2012-06	—↓↑	tax progressivity—transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic ordoliberal post_keynesian
Skattestop (tax freeze) 2002 dk_skattestop_2002	2001-11	—↓	tax progressivity—tax capital↓	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian new_keynesian post_keynesian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist eco_socialist ordoliberal social_democratic austrian
Smykkeloven ('jewellery law') — Danish asylum-seeker asset seizure 2016 dk_smykkeloven_asylum_assets_2016	2016-02	↓↓	immigration openness↓property rights↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Abolition of Store Bededag (Great Prayer Day) as Danish public holiday 2023 dk_store_bededag_afskaffelse_2023	2023-02	↑↑	spending level↑labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Strukturreformen municipal and regional reform 2007 dk_strukturreformen_2007	2007-01	↑↓	rule of law↑spending level↓	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian new_keynesian post_keynesian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist eco_socialist ordoliberal social_democratic austrian
Danish 1987 tax reform — rate reduction and base broadening dk_tax_reform_1987	1987-06	↓	tax progressivity↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist marxian new_keynesian developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Danish abolition of automatic wage-price indexation (dyrtidsregulering) 1982 dk_wage_indexation_abolition_1982	1982-10	↑	labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist marxian new_keynesian developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Danish Pinsepakken 'Whitsun Package' tax reform 1993 dk_whitsun_tax_reform_1993	1993-06	↓—	tax progressivity↓tax capital—	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist marxist_leninist developmentalism post_keynesian democratic_socialist
Autogestion and socialist land reform dz_autogestion_socialist_land_reform_1963	1963	↓↑↑	property rights↓sectoral licensing↑spending level↑	developmentalism marxian marxist_leninist market_socialist
Hydrocarbons nationalisation dz_hydrocarbons_nationalisation_1971	1971	↓↑↑↑	property rights↓sectoral licensing↑spending level↑energy supply security↑	developmentalism marxian marxist_leninist market_socialist
Industrialising industries strategy dz_industrialising_industries_strategy_1967	1967	↑↑↓↓	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓product market competition↓	developmentalism marxian marxist_leninist market_socialist
Bilingual Intercultural Education Law 1988 ec_bilingual_intercultural_education_1988	1988-11	↑↑	rule of law↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Bono de Desarrollo Humano expansion 2007-2013 ec_bono_desarrollo_humano_expansion_2007_2013	2007-01	↑	transfer expansion↑	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Borja gradualist stabilisation programme 1988-1992 ec_borja_gradualist_stabilisation_1988_1992	1988	↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Ecuador Brady Plan debt restructuring 1995 ec_brady_plan_ecuador_1995	1995-02	↓↑	spending level↓property rights↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Bucaram austerity shock package (late 1996) ec_bucaram_austerity_package_1996	1996	↓↓	sectoral subsidy↓tax progressivity↓	classical_liberal institutionalism
Bucaram convertibility proposal (late 1996 — never enacted) ec_bucaram_convertibility_proposal_1996	1996	—	central bank independence—	classical_liberal institutionalism
Bucaram mental-incapacity removal 6 February 1997 ec_bucaram_mental_incapacity_removal_1997	1997-02	↓	rule of law↓	classical_liberal institutionalism
Cenepa War — Ecuador-Peru border conflict January-February 1995 ec_cenepa_war_peru_1995	1995-01	↑↑	spending level↑rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Ecuador–China Free Trade Agreement 2023 ec_china_ftfa_2023	2023-05	↑	trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Ecuador Chinese oil-backed loans ec_chinese_oil_backed_loans_2013_2017	2013-01	↑↓	spending level↑trade openness↓	post_keynesian developmentalism ordoliberal
Ecuador Ley Orgánica de Comunicación (LOC) ec_communications_law_loc_2013	2013-06	↓↑	rule of law↓sectoral licensing↑	post_keynesian developmentalism ordoliberal
CONAIE Levantamiento Indígena June 1990 ec_conaie_indigenous_uprising_1990	1990-06	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Ecuador Internal Armed Conflict Declaration (Plan Fénix) ec_conflicto_armado_interno_2024	2024-01	↑—	rule of law↑judicial independence—	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Ecuador Consulta Popular February 2023 (failed) ec_consulta_popular_feb_2023	2023-02	—	rule of law—	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Consulta Popular November 1995 (Ecuador modernisation referendum) ec_consulta_popular_november_1995	1995-11	—	rule of law—	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Alberto Dahik vice-presidential corruption scandal October 1995 ec_dahik_scandal_1995	1995-10	↓	rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Ecuador External Debt Restructuring 2020 ec_debt_restructuring_2020	2020-08	↓	spending level↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Ecuador Decreto 883 Fuel-Subsidy Elimination (reversed) ec_decreto_883_fuel_subsidy_2019	2019-10	↓	sectoral subsidy↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Ecuador Decretos-Ley Económicos Urgentes 2023 ec_decretos_ley_2023	2023-05	↓↑	tax corporate↓labour market flexibility↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Ecuador Electricity Rationing and Emergency Generation 2024 ec_electricity_rationing_2024	2024-04	↑↑	energy supply security↑sectoral licensing↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
EU-Andean Community Free Trade Agreement (Ecuador accession) ec_eu_andean_fta_2016	2016-11	↑	trade openness↑	post_keynesian developmentalism ordoliberal
Ecuador IMF Extended Fund Facility 2019 ec_imf_eff_2019	2019-03	↓↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Ecuador IMF Extended Fund Facility 2020 ec_imf_eff_2020	2020-09	↓↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Ecuador IMF EFF Final Review 2022 ec_imf_eff_completion_2022	2022-12	↓	spending level↓	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Ecuador IMF Stand-By Arrangements 1988, 1989, 1991 ec_imf_stand_by_1988_1991	1988	↓↓	spending level↓monetary expansion direction↓	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Ley Orgánica de Desarrollo Económico (Ecuador 2021) ec_ley_desarrollo_economico_2021	2021-11	↑↑↑	tax capital↑tax progressivity↑product market competition↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Ley Orgánica para Combatir la Economía Criminal (Ecuador 2023) ec_ley_economia_criminal_2023	2023-12	↑↑	rule of law↑financial deregulation↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Ley de Modernización del Estado 1993 (Ecuador) ec_ley_modernizacion_estado_1993	1993-12	↑↑	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
2016 Pedernales-Manabí earthquake response ec_manabi_earthquake_response_2016	2016-04	↑↑	tax progressivity↑spending level↑	post_keynesian developmentalism ordoliberal
Ecuador Mining Law 2009 ec_mining_code_2009	2009-01	↑↑	tax corporate↑sectoral licensing↑	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Ecuador Código Orgánico Monetario y Financiero ec_monetary_financial_code_2014	2014-09	↓↓	central bank independence↓financial deregulation↓	post_keynesian developmentalism ordoliberal
Montecristi Constitution — Ecuador 2008 ec_montecristi_constitution_2008	2008-10	↓↑↓	rule of law↓sectoral licensing↑property rights↓	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Ecuador muerte cruzada — dissolution of National Assembly ec_muerte_cruzada_may_2023	2023-05	—	rule of law—	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Ecuador oil contract migration from production-sharing to service model ec_oil_service_contract_model_reform_2010	2010-07	↓↑	property rights↓sectoral licensing↑	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Paro Cívico Nacional — Ecuadorian general strike February 1997 ec_paro_civico_nacional_1997	1997-02	↑	rule of law↑	classical_liberal institutionalism
Ecuador Consulta Popular April 2024 ec_referendum_abr_2024	2024-04	↑—	rule of law↑labour market flexibility—	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Ecuador Consulta Popular February 2018 ec_referendum_feb_2018	2018-02	↑↑	judicial independence↑rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Ecuador selective default on Global 2012 + 2030 bonds ec_selective_default_global_bonds_2008	2008-12	↓↓	property rights↓financial deregulation↓	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Ecuador VAT increase 12% to 15% (2024) ec_vat_hike_12_to_15_2024	2024-03	↓↑	tax progressivity↓spending level↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Statute 1998 ecb_statute_1998	1992	↑↓	central bank independence↑spending level↓	ordoliberal chicago_monetarism
Ecuador Banking Resolution 1999 2000 ecuador_banking_resolution_1999_2000	2000	↑↓↑~	central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓property rights↑financial deregulation~	chicago_monetarism austrian post_keynesian
Ecuador China Financing 2009 2017 ecuador_china_financing_2009_2017	2007	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑sectoral licensing↑	post_keynesian developmentalism democratic_socialist
Ecuador Debt Audit Default 2008 ecuador_debt_audit_default_2008	2007	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑sectoral licensing↑	post_keynesian developmentalism democratic_socialist
Ecuador Dollarisation Law 2000 ecuador_dollarisation_law_2000	2000	↑↓↑~	central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓property rights↑financial deregulation~	chicago_monetarism austrian post_keynesian
Ecuador New Constitution 2008 ecuador_new_constitution_2008	2007	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑sectoral licensing↑	post_keynesian developmentalism democratic_socialist
Ecuador Oil Contract Renegotiation 2010 ecuador_oil_contract_renegotiation_2010	2007	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑sectoral licensing↑	post_keynesian developmentalism democratic_socialist
Ecuador Public Investment Push 2008 2016 ecuador_public_investment_push_2008_2016	2007	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑sectoral licensing↑	post_keynesian developmentalism democratic_socialist
Ecuador Tax Reforms 2007 2014 ecuador_tax_reforms_2007_2014	2007	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑sectoral licensing↑	post_keynesian developmentalism democratic_socialist
Estonia euro adoption 2011 ee_euro_adoption_2011	2011-01	—↑	central bank independence—trade openness↑	—
Laar government flat-tax + currency-board reform (Estonia, 1992-1995) ee_laar_flat_tax_currency_board_reform_1994	1994	↓↓	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓	—
Estonia marriage-equality and family-law amendments 2024 ee_marriage_equality_family_law_2024	2024	↑↑	rule of law↑property rights↑	—
Estonia motor vehicle tax 2025 ee_motor_vehicle_tax_2025	2025	↑↓	environmental stringency↑spending level↓	—
Estonia security-tax package 2025-2028 ee_security_tax_package_2025	2025	↑↑~	tax corporate↑spending level↑tax progressivity~	—
Egypt 1977 bread riots and subsidy retention eg_1977_bread_riots_subsidy_retention	1977-01	—↓	sectoral subsidy—rule of law↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Egypt 1987 IMF Stand-By Arrangement eg_1987_imf_stand_by_agreement	1987-05	↑↓	trade openness↑spending level↓	market_socialist austrian institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist classical_liberal ordoliberal
Egypt Paris Club debt relief 1990-91 eg_1990_1991_paris_club_debt_relief	1991-05	↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↓	market_socialist austrian institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist classical_liberal ordoliberal
Egypt Camp David treaty economic effects 1979 eg_camp_david_treaty_economic_effects_1979	1979-03	↑↓	transfer expansion↑trade openness↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
2019 constitutional amendments extending presidential terms eg_constitutional_amendment_2019	2019-04	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
EGP second float and 600bp rate hike (March 2024) eg_egp_second_float_2024	2024-03	↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓trade openness↑	austrian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal market_socialist social_democratic marxist_leninist new_keynesian
Egypt Emergency Law continuity post-1981 eg_emergency_law_continuity_1981	1981-10	↓	rule of law↓	market_socialist austrian institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist classical_liberal ordoliberal
Egypt multiple-exchange-rate partial unification 1987 eg_exchange_rate_multiple_tier_reform_1987	1987	↑	trade openness↑	market_socialist austrian institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist classical_liberal ordoliberal
Fuel Subsidy Phase Out Path 2024 eg_fuel_subsidy_phase_out_path_2024	2024	↓↓↑↓	monetary expansion direction↓transfer expansion↓trade openness↑product market competition↓	austrian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal market_socialist social_democratic marxist_leninist new_keynesian
Decent Life ('Hayah Karima') rural-development programme eg_hayah_karima_2019	2019	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
Imf Eff 3Bn 2022 eg_imf_eff_3bn_2022	2018	↑↑↓↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑product market competition↓judicial independence↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
IMF Extended Fund Facility expansion from $3bn to $8bn (March 2024) eg_imf_eff_expansion_2024	2024-03	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓central bank independence↑product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal market_socialist social_democratic marxist_leninist new_keynesian
Imf Rfi Stand By 2020 eg_imf_rfi_stand_by_2020	2018	↑↑↓↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑product market competition↓judicial independence↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
Egypt Infitah deepening 1976-1981 eg_infitah_deepening_1976_1981	1976	↑↑	trade openness↑financial deregulation↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Military Owned Enterprise Ipo Plan 2022 eg_military_owned_enterprise_ipo_plan_2022	2018	↑↑↓↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑product market competition↓judicial independence↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
Morsi 2012 Constitution Referendum eg_morsi_2012_constitution_referendum	2012	↓↑↓↑	judicial independence↓transfer expansion↑financial deregulation↓spending level↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Morsi Constitutional Declaration of 22 November 2012 eg_morsi_constitutional_declaration_2012	2012-11	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Morsi Imf Sba Negotiation 2012 2013 eg_morsi_imf_sba_negotiation_2012_2013	2012	↓↑↓↑	judicial independence↓transfer expansion↑financial deregulation↓spending level↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Morsi Sukuk Law 2013 eg_morsi_sukuk_law_2013	2012	↓↑↓↑	judicial independence↓transfer expansion↑financial deregulation↓spending level↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
New Administrative Capital mega-project eg_new_administrative_capital_2015_ongoing	2015	↑↓	spending level↑product market competition↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
Ras El-Hekma UAE investment agreement ($35bn) eg_ras_el_hekma_uae_deal_2024	2024-02	↓↑	product market competition↓trade openness↑	austrian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal market_socialist social_democratic marxist_leninist new_keynesian
Egypt SCAF IMF standby decline 2011 eg_scaf_imf_standby_decline_2011	2011	↑—	spending level↑trade openness—	developmentalism
Egypt SCAF reserve drawdown eg_scaf_reserve_drawdown_2011_2012	2011	↓	central bank independence↓	developmentalism
Egypt wheat and fuel subsidy continuation under SCAF eg_scaf_wheat_subsidy_continuation_2011	2011	—	sectoral subsidy—	developmentalism
State Ownership Policy 2022 eg_state_ownership_policy_2022	2018	↑↑↓↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑product market competition↓judicial independence↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
State Ownership Policy Divestments 2024 eg_state_ownership_policy_divestments_2024	2024	↓↓↑↓	monetary expansion direction↓transfer expansion↓trade openness↑product market competition↓	austrian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal market_socialist social_democratic marxist_leninist new_keynesian
US-Egypt aid package institutionalisation 1979+ eg_us_aid_package_institutionalisation_1979	1979	↑	transfer expansion↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Egypt Banking Privatisation 2004 2008 egypt_banking_privatisation_2004_2008	1991	↓↓↑↑	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Egypt Egp Float 2016 egypt_egp_float_2016	2016	↓~↓↓	transfer expansion↓spending level~monetary expansion direction↓product market competition↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism
Egypt Egp Second Float 2024 egypt_egp_second_float_2024	2016	↓~↓↓	transfer expansion↓spending level~monetary expansion direction↓product market competition↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism
Egypt Energy Subsidy Reform 2014 2019 egypt_energy_subsidy_reform_2014_2019	2016	↓~↓↓	transfer expansion↓spending level~monetary expansion direction↓product market competition↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism
Egypt Ersap 1991 egypt_ersap_1991	1991	↓↓↑↑	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Egypt Imf Eff 2016 egypt_imf_eff_2016	2016	↓~↓↓	transfer expansion↓spending level~monetary expansion direction↓product market competition↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism
Egypt Military Economy Expansion 2013 Present egypt_military_economy_expansion_2013_present	2016	↓~↓↓	transfer expansion↓spending level~monetary expansion direction↓product market competition↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism
Egypt Partial Soe Privatisation 1991 2008 egypt_partial_soe_privatisation_1991_2008	1991	↓↓↑↑	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Egypt Tax Reform 2005 egypt_tax_reform_2005	1991	↓↓↑↑	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Egypt Trade Tariff Reform 2004 egypt_trade_tariff_reform_2004	1991	↓↓↑↑	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Egypt Vat Introduction 2016 egypt_vat_introduction_2016	2016	↓~↓↓	transfer expansion↓spending level~monetary expansion direction↓product market competition↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism
Eritrea national service and Warsai Yikealo mobilisation eri_national_service_proclamation_1995	1995	↓↓	rule of law↓labour market flexibility↓	—
Article 155 Catalonia 2017 es_article_155_catalonia_2017	2016	↑↑—	rule of law↑transfer expansion↑spending level—	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic marxian austrian chicago_monetarism
Bankia Nationalisation 2012 es_bankia_nationalisation_2012	2011	↓↑↓↓	spending level↓labour market flexibility↑financial deregulation↓tax progressivity↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Constitutional Amendment Art 135 2011 es_constitutional_amendment_art_135_2011	2008	~↓↓↑	spending level~transfer expansion↓financial deregulation↓labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Eu Banking Mou Bailout 2012 es_eu_banking_mou_bailout_2012	2011	↓↑↓↓	spending level↓labour market flexibility↑financial deregulation↓tax progressivity↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Frob Cajas Consolidation 2009 es_frob_cajas_consolidation_2009	2008	~↓↓↑	spending level~transfer expansion↓financial deregulation↓labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Labour Reform 2012 es_labour_reform_2012	2011	↓↑↓↓	spending level↓labour market flexibility↑financial deregulation↓tax progressivity↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Labour Reform Rdl 10 2010 es_labour_reform_rdl_10_2010	2008	~↓↓↑	spending level~transfer expansion↓financial deregulation↓labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
No Confidence Motion Sanchez 2018 es_no_confidence_motion_sanchez_2018	2016	↑↑—	rule of law↑transfer expansion↑spending level—	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic marxian austrian chicago_monetarism
Pension Reform 2011 es_pension_reform_2011	2008	~↓↓↑	spending level~transfer expansion↓financial deregulation↓labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Spain Plan E fiscal stimulus (2008-2009) es_plan_e_2008_2009	2008-11	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Presupuestos 2018 Expansionary es_presupuestos_2018_expansionary	2016	↑↑—	rule of law↑transfer expansion↑spending level—	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic marxian austrian chicago_monetarism
Rdl 20 2012 Austerity es_rdl_20_2012_austerity	2011	↓↑↓↓	spending level↓labour market flexibility↑financial deregulation↓tax progressivity↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Sareb Bad Bank 2012 es_sareb_bad_bank_2012	2011	↓↑↓↓	spending level↓labour market flexibility↑financial deregulation↓tax progressivity↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Smi Minimum Wage Rises 2017 2018 es_smi_minimum_wage_rises_2017_2018	2016	↑↑—	rule of law↑transfer expansion↑spending level—	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic marxian austrian chicago_monetarism
EU-Morocco Western Sahara consent and resource-treatment rulings esh_eu_morocco_resource_consent_rulings_2016_2024	2016	↑~↑	rule of law↑trade openness~sectoral licensing↑	—
MINURSO ceasefire-and-referendum mandate esh_minurso_ceasefire_referendum_mandate_1991	1991-04	↑	rule of law↑	—
Moroccan autonomy initiative for the Sahara region esh_moroccan_autonomy_initiative_2007	2007-04	~↑	rule of law~spending level↑	—
UN Non-Self-Governing Territory self-determination treatment esh_un_nsgt_self_determination_process_1991_present	1991	↑	rule of law↑	—
Estonian flat-tax reform 1994 estonia_flat_tax_1994	1994-01	↓↓	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	—
Addis Ababa Master Plan withdrawal and Oromo protests et_addis_master_plan_oromo_protests_2015	2015	↓↓	property rights↓rule of law↓	developmentalism
ADLI doctrine consolidation (agriculture-first developmental state) et_adli_doctrine_consolidation_2005	2005	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑property rights↓	developmentalism
Anti-Terrorism Proclamation No. 652/2009 et_anti_terrorism_proclamation_2009	2009-08	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	developmentalism
Banking sector opening to foreign entrants et_banking_sector_opening_2024	2024-12	↑↓↑	financial deregulation↑sectoral licensing↓product market competition↑	developmentalism
Birr float and FX regime liberalisation et_birr_float_2024	2024-07	↓↑↑	monetary expansion direction↓trade openness↑financial deregulation↑	developmentalism
Charities and Societies Proclamation No. 621/2009 et_charities_societies_proclamation_2009	2009-02	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism
EPRDF dissolution and Prosperity Party formation et_eprdf_to_prosperity_2019	2019-12	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism
Ethiopia-Eritrea peace agreement et_eritrea_peace_2018	2018-07	↑	trade openness↑	developmentalism
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam launch et_gerd_launch_2011	2011-04	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	developmentalism
Growth and Transformation Plan I (GTP I) et_gtp_i_2010	2010	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism
Growth and Transformation Plan II (GTP II) et_gtp_ii_2015	2015	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism
Hawassa Industrial Park inauguration et_hawassa_industrial_park_2016	2016-07	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑	developmentalism
Homegrown Economic Reform Agenda et_homegrown_economic_reform_2019	2019-09	↓↑↓	sectoral licensing↓financial deregulation↑monetary expansion direction↓	developmentalism
IMF Extended Fund Facility ($3.4bn) et_imf_eff_2024	2024-07	↑↓↓	central bank independence↑spending level↓sectoral subsidy↓	developmentalism
State of emergency (October 2016, renewed 2017) et_state_of_emergency_2016	2016-10	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism
Telecoms liberalisation (Safaricom licence, Ethio Telecom partial IPO) et_telecoms_liberalisation_2021	2021-05	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓product market competition↑	developmentalism
Tigray war and Pretoria cessation of hostilities et_tigray_war_2020	2020-11	↓↑	rule of law↓spending level↑	developmentalism
Ethiopia Amc Grain Procurement 1976 ethiopia_amc_grain_procurement_1976	1974	↓↓↓↑	property rights↓product market competition↓trade openness↓spending level↑	marxist_leninist
Ethiopia Bank Industry Nationalisation 1975 ethiopia_bank_industry_nationalisation_1975	1974	↓↓↓↑	property rights↓product market competition↓trade openness↓spending level↑	marxist_leninist
Ethiopia Gerd Project 2011 ethiopia_gerd_project_2011	1991	↑↑~↓	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑trade openness~property rights↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Ethiopia Gtp Plan 2010 ethiopia_gtp_plan_2010	1991	↑↑~↓	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑trade openness~property rights↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Ethiopia Industrial Parks 2014 ethiopia_industrial_parks_2014	1991	↑↑~↓	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑trade openness~property rights↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Ethiopia Land Use Rights Regime 1995 ethiopia_land_use_rights_regime_1995	1991	↑↑~↓	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑trade openness~property rights↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Ethiopia Rural Land Nationalisation 1975 ethiopia_rural_land_nationalisation_1975	1974	↓↓↓↑	property rights↓product market competition↓trade openness↓spending level↑	marxist_leninist
Ethiopia State Owned Banking Regime ethiopia_state_owned_banking_regime	1991	↑↑~↓	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑trade openness~property rights↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Ethiopia Villagisation Programme 1985 ethiopia_villagisation_programme_1985	1974	↓↓↓↑	property rights↓product market competition↓trade openness↓spending level↑	marxist_leninist
EU AI Act (Regulation 2024/1689) eu_ai_act_2024	2024-07	↑↓↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓trade openness↓	—
Ai Act 2024 Policy eu_ai_act_2024_policy	2021	↑↓↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓trade openness↓	—
Ai Liability Directive Proposal 2022 eu_ai_liability_directive_proposal_2022	2021	↑↓↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓trade openness↓	—
Ai Office Establishment 2024 eu_ai_office_establishment_2024	2021	↑↓↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓trade openness↓	—
Banking Passport 1989 eu_banking_passport_1989	1986	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑immigration openness↑sectoral licensing↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Cbam 2023 eu_cbam_2023	2019	↑↓↑↑	environmental stringency↑trade openness↓sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑	empirical_pragmatist austrian
Chemicals Strategy For Sustainability 2020 eu_chemicals_strategy_for_sustainability_2020	2007	↑↑↓↓	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓trade openness↓	ordoliberal eco_socialist austrian empirical_pragmatist
Climate Neutrality Law 2021 eu_climate_neutrality_law_2021	2019	↑↓↑↑	environmental stringency↑trade openness↓sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑	empirical_pragmatist austrian
Clp Regulation 2008 eu_clp_regulation_2008	2007	↑↑↓↓	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓trade openness↓	ordoliberal eco_socialist austrian empirical_pragmatist
Csddd 2024 eu_csddd_2024	2021	↑↑↓↓	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓trade openness↓	eco_socialist ordoliberal austrian
Csrd 2023 eu_csrd_2023	2021	↑↑↓↓	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓trade openness↓	eco_socialist ordoliberal austrian empirical_pragmatist
Data Act 2023 eu_data_act_2023	2016	~↑↓	product market competition~sectoral licensing↑trade openness↓	ordoliberal austrian empirical_pragmatist
Data Governance Act 2022 eu_data_governance_act_2022	2016	~↑↓	product market competition~sectoral licensing↑trade openness↓	ordoliberal austrian empirical_pragmatist
Dma 2022 eu_dma_2022	2020	~↑↓	product market competition~sectoral licensing↑trade openness↓	—
EU Digital Markets Act + Digital Services Act (2022) eu_dma_dsa_2022	2022-10	—↑↓	product market competition—sectoral licensing↑trade openness↓	—
Dsa 2022 eu_dsa_2022	2020	~↑↓	product market competition~sectoral licensing↑trade openness↓	—
EU electricity market design reform 2024 eu_electricity_market_design_reform_2024	2024-06	↑↑↑~	energy supply security↑sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency↑product market competition~	—
Eprivacy Directive 2002 Amended eu_eprivacy_directive_2002_amended	2016	~↑↓	product market competition~sectoral licensing↑trade openness↓	ordoliberal austrian empirical_pragmatist
Ets Phase4 2021 eu_ets_phase4_2021	2019	↑↓↑↑	environmental stringency↑trade openness↓sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑	empirical_pragmatist austrian
Gdpr 2018 eu_gdpr_2018	2016	~↑↓	product market competition~sectoral licensing↑trade openness↓	ordoliberal austrian empirical_pragmatist
Net Zero Industry Act 2024 eu_net_zero_industry_act_2024	2019	↑↓↑↑	environmental stringency↑trade openness↓sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑	empirical_pragmatist austrian
Omnibus Simplification 2025 eu_omnibus_simplification_2025	2021	↑↑↓↓	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓trade openness↓	eco_socialist ordoliberal austrian
P2B Regulation 2019 eu_p2b_regulation_2019	2020	~↑↓	product market competition~sectoral licensing↑trade openness↓	—
Pfas Restriction Proposal 2023 eu_pfas_restriction_proposal_2023	2007	↑↑↓↓	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓trade openness↓	ordoliberal eco_socialist austrian empirical_pragmatist
EU Platform Work Directive 2024 eu_platform_work_directive_2024	2024-10	↓↓↑↑	labour market flexibility↓product market competition↓sectoral licensing↑rule of law↑	—
Reach Regulation 2007 eu_reach_regulation_2007	2007	↑↑↓↓	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓trade openness↓	ordoliberal eco_socialist austrian empirical_pragmatist
Red Iii 2023 eu_red_iii_2023	2019	↑↓↑↑	environmental stringency↑trade openness↓sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑	empirical_pragmatist austrian
Services Directive 2006 eu_services_directive_2006	1986	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑immigration openness↑sectoral licensing↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Sfdr 2019 eu_sfdr_2019	2021	↑↑↓↓	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓trade openness↓	eco_socialist ordoliberal austrian
Single European Act 1986 eu_single_european_act_1986	1986	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑immigration openness↑sectoral licensing↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Taxonomy Regulation 2020 eu_taxonomy_regulation_2020	2021	↑↑↓↓	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓trade openness↓	eco_socialist ordoliberal austrian empirical_pragmatist
Vat Harmonisation 1993 eu_vat_harmonisation_1993	1986	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑immigration openness↑sectoral licensing↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Aktiivimalli Unemployment 2018 fi_aktiivimalli_unemployment_2018	2015	↓↓↑—	spending level↓transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑tax corporate—	ordoliberal classical_liberal social_democratic
Finnish banking-crisis resolution 1991-1993 fi_banking_crisis_resolution_1991_1993	1991-09	↑↑	financial deregulation↑spending level↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Basic Income Pilot 2017 fi_basic_income_pilot_2017	2015	↓↓↑—	spending level↓transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑tax corporate—	ordoliberal classical_liberal social_democratic
Finnish corporate-tax cut to 20 percent 2014 fi_cit_20_percent_2014	2014-01	↓↑	tax corporate↓tax capital↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic
Finland Climate Act (Ilmastolaki 423/2022) fi_climate_act_2022	2022-07	↑	environmental stringency↑	social_democratic eco_socialist ordoliberal
Finland Kilpailukykysopimus (Competitiveness Pact) 2016 fi_competitiveness_pact_2016	2016-06	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↓	ordoliberal classical_liberal social_democratic
Compulsory Education Extension 2021 fi_compulsory_education_extension_2021	2019	↑↑↑—	transfer expansion↑spending level↑environmental stringency↑labour market flexibility—	social_democratic eco_socialist ordoliberal
Finnish dual-income tax reform 1993 fi_dual_income_tax_reform_1993	1993-01	↓↓	tax capital↓tax corporate↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Finnish EFSF guarantees 2010 fi_efsf_finnish_guarantees_2010	2010-07	↑↑	financial deregulation↑spending level↑	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
Finland EMU membership 1999 fi_emu_membership_1999	1999-01	↑↑	central bank independence↑trade openness↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist post_keynesian democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Finland EU accession 1995 fi_eu_membership_accession_1995	1995-01	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Finland family-leave reform 2022 (Perhevapaauudistus) fi_family_leave_reform_2022	2022-08	↑	transfer expansion↑	social_democratic eco_socialist ordoliberal
Fennovoima-Rosatom nuclear-reactor decision 2014 fi_fennovoima_nuclear_vote_2014	2014-12	↓↑	energy supply security↓environmental stringency↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist developmentalism institutionalism social_democratic
Finnish financial-market liberalisation 1986-1988 fi_financial_liberalisation_1986	1986	↓	financial deregulation↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist marxist_leninist ordoliberal
Finnish fiscal consolidation 1992-1994 fi_fiscal_consolidation_1992_1994	1992-05	↓↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Finnish structural-surplus and SGP framework 1998 fi_fiscal_surplus_framework_1998	1998-09	↑↓	rule of law↑spending level↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist post_keynesian democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Finnish collateral agreement on Second Greek Programme 2011 fi_greek_collateral_agreement_2011	2011-10	↑↑	financial deregulation↑property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic
Immigration Tightening 2024 fi_immigration_tightening_2024	2023	↓↓↑↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑immigration openness↓	ordoliberal developmentalism social_democratic
Finnish Tekes and innovation-policy expansion 1995-2003 fi_innovation_policy_tekes_expansion_1995_2003	1995-09	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist post_keynesian democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Labour Market Reform 2024 fi_labour_market_reform_2024	2023	↓↓↑↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑immigration openness↓	ordoliberal developmentalism social_democratic
Finnish markka devaluation 1982/1984 within currency basket fi_markka_devaluation_1984	1982	↑	monetary expansion direction↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist marxist_leninist ordoliberal
Finnish markka devaluation and free float 1991-1992 fi_markka_devaluation_free_float_1991_1992	1992-09	↑↑	central bank independence↑trade openness↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Kuntauudistus municipal-merger attempt 2012 fi_municipal_merger_reform_2012	2012-02	↑↓	product market competition↑spending level↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic
Finland NATO accession 2023 fi_nato_accession_2023	2023-04	↑↑	energy supply security↑rule of law↑	ordoliberal developmentalism social_democratic
Nato Application 2022 fi_nato_application_2022	2019	↑↑↑—	transfer expansion↑spending level↑environmental stringency↑labour market flexibility—	social_democratic eco_socialist ordoliberal
Nokia peak-era industrial and R&D policy 2003-2007 fi_nokia_export_peak_era_2003_2007	2003	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian social_democratic chicago_monetarism new_keynesian ordoliberal post_keynesian
Finland Orpo fiscal consolidation package 2023-2027 fi_orpo_fiscal_consolidation_2023	2023-09	↓↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓	ordoliberal developmentalism social_democratic
PARAS municipal-structure reform framework 2007 fi_paras_municipal_reform_2007	2007-02	↑↓	rule of law↑spending level↓	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian social_democratic chicago_monetarism new_keynesian ordoliberal post_keynesian
Finnish earnings-related pension reform 2005 fi_pension_reform_2005	2005-01	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian social_democratic chicago_monetarism new_keynesian ordoliberal post_keynesian
Sipila Spending Cuts 2015 2019 fi_sipila_spending_cuts_2015_2019	2015	↓↓↑—	spending level↓transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑tax corporate—	ordoliberal classical_liberal social_democratic
Finland social and health services reform (sote-uudistus), 2023 fi_sote_wellbeing_services_2023	2023-01	↑↑	rule of law↑sectoral licensing↑	social_democratic eco_socialist ordoliberal developmentalism
Finnish state-enterprise privatisation 1996-2000 fi_state_enterprise_privatisation_1996_2000	1996-11	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist post_keynesian democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Finnish GFC stimulus package 2009 fi_stimulus_package_2009	2009-01	↑↑	spending level↑tax progressivity↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist eco_socialist classical_liberal post_keynesian
Tupo income-policy agreement 2005-2007 fi_tupo_income_policy_2004	2004-11	↓—	tax progressivity↓labour market flexibility—	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian social_democratic chicago_monetarism new_keynesian ordoliberal post_keynesian
Finnish TUPO comprehensive incomes-policy agreements 1977 onwards fi_tupo_incomes_policy_1977_onwards	1977	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist marxist_leninist ordoliberal
Yliopistolaki universities reform 2009 fi_universities_reform_2009	2009-06	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic new_keynesian
Finnish VAT rate rise July 2010 fi_vat_rise_2010	2010-07	↓↓	tax progressivity↓spending level↓	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
35H Rollback Fillon Law 2003 fr_35h_rollback_fillon_law_2003	2002	↑↓↓	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↓immigration openness↓	empirical_pragmatist
Exceptional 75% tax on incomes above €1m fr_75pc_top_bracket_2013	2013-12	↑	tax progressivity↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Lois Aubry — 35-hour statutory working week fr_aubry_35h_week_1998_2000	2000-01	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist
Auto-entrepreneur regime fr_auto_entrepreneur_2009	2009-01	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑product market competition↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
CICE — Crédit d'impôt pour la compétitivité et l'emploi fr_cice_tax_credit_2013	2012-12	↓↑	tax corporate↓labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Couverture Maladie Universelle (CMU) fr_cmu_universal_health_coverage_1999	1999-07	↑	transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist
Cne Small Firm Contract 2005 fr_cne_small_firm_contract_2005	2002	↑↓↓	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↓immigration openness↓	empirical_pragmatist
Corporate income tax phased reduction 33.3% → 25% fr_corporate_tax_cut_2018_2022	2017-12	↓	tax corporate↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
Contrat première embauche withdrawn fr_cpe_withdrawn_2006	2006-04	—	labour market flexibility—	empirical_pragmatist
Eu Constitution Referendum 2005 fr_eu_constitution_referendum_2005	2002	↑↓↓	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↓immigration openness↓	empirical_pragmatist
Fillon pension reform 2003 fr_fillon_pension_reform_2003	2003-08	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	empirical_pragmatist
France 2030 industrial-policy envelope fr_france_2030_plan_2021	2021-10	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑energy supply security↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
France Euro Entry 1999 2002 fr_france_euro_entry_1999_2002	1997	↓↑↑↑	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑	empirical_pragmatist
ISF → IFI — wealth tax narrowed to real-estate only fr_isf_ifi_2018	2017-12	↓↓	tax capital↓tax progressivity↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
Jospin Privatisations 1997 2002 fr_jospin_privatisations_1997_2002	1997	↓↑↑↑	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑	empirical_pragmatist
LME — Loi de modernisation de l'économie fr_lme_2008	2008-08	↑↑	product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
Loi Macron — growth, activity and economic opportunity fr_loi_macron_2015	2015-08	↑↑	product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Loi Travail (El Khomri) fr_loi_travail_el_khomri_2016	2016-08	↑	labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
LRU — university autonomy law fr_lru_university_autonomy_2007	2007-08	—↑	rule of law—product market competition↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
Macron labour + tax reforms (Ordonnances 2017 + PFU 2018) fr_macron_labour_tax_reforms_2017_2019	2017	↑↓↓↓	labour market flexibility↑tax progressivity↓tax capital↓tax corporate↓	—
Mariage pour tous — same-sex marriage and adoption fr_mariage_pour_tous_2013	2013-05	—	rule of law—	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Ordonnances Travail — Code du travail reform fr_ordonnances_travail_2017	2017-09	↑	labour market flexibility↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
Pacte Civil de Solidarité (PACS) fr_pacs_civil_union_1999	1999-11	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist
PACTE law — business growth and transformation fr_pacte_law_2019	2019-05	↑↑	product market competition↑financial deregulation↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
Pacte de responsabilité et de solidarité fr_pacte_responsabilite_2014	2014-08	↓↓	tax corporate↓spending level↓	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Woerth pension reform — legal age 60 → 62 fr_pension_reform_2010	2010-11	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑spending level↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
Retirement-age reform 62 → 64 (Borne government) fr_pension_reform_2023	2023-04	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑spending level↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
PFU — Prélèvement forfaitaire unique (flat tax on capital income) fr_pfu_flat_tax_2018	2017-12	↓↓	tax capital↓tax progressivity↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
Plan de relance — 2008-2009 crisis response fr_plan_relance_2008	2008-12	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
Touraine pension reform — contribution-period lengthening fr_retraites_2014	2014-01	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑spending level↓	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
RGPP — Révision générale des politiques publiques fr_rgpp_2007	2007-07	↓	spending level↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
Loi TEPA — Travail, Emploi, Pouvoir d'Achat fr_tepa_2007	2007-08	↓↓↑	tax progressivity↓tax capital↓labour market flexibility↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic
35-hour working week — Aubry Laws 1998 / 2000 france_35_hour_week_2000	2000-01	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist
France 39-hour work week and 5th week paid leave (1982) france_39_hour_week_1982	1982-01	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal austrian
France 40-hour week 1936 france_40_hour_week_1936	1936-06	↓	labour market flexibility↓	democratic_socialist social_democratic marxian market_socialist
France voting-age and majority 21 → 18 (1974) france_age_of_majority_1974	1974-07	↑	rule of law↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
France Law of Association 1901 france_associations_law_1901	1901-07	↑	rule of law↑	institutionalism social_democratic classical_liberal
France Aubry 35-hour working-week laws france_aubry_35_hour_laws_1998_2000	1998-06	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
France Balladur privatisations 1993-1995 france_balladur_privatisations_1993_1995	1993-07	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	social_democratic ordoliberal
France Banque de France independence law 1993 france_bdf_independence_law_1993	1993-08	↑	central bank independence↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
France separation of Church and State 1905 france_church_state_separation_1905	1905-12	↑	rule of law↑	institutionalism social_democratic classical_liberal
France CMU (Couverture Maladie Universelle) 1999 france_cmu_universal_healthcare_1999	1999-07	↑	transfer expansion↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
France Corporate Tax Reduction 2018 2022 france_corporate_tax_reduction_2018_2022	2017	↑↓↓↓	labour market flexibility↑tax progressivity↓tax capital↓tax corporate↓	—
France CRDS and CADES creation (Juppé ordonnances 1996) france_crds_cades_1996	1996-01	↓↑	tax progressivity↓rule of law↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
France Contribution Sociale Généralisée (CSG) creation france_csg_creation_1991	1990-12	↓↑	tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
France Eec Accession Rome Treaty 1957 france_eec_accession_rome_treaty_1957	1945	↑↑↑↑	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑spending level↑	developmentalism institutionalism austrian
France joins European Monetary System (March 1979) france_ems_joining_1979	1979-03	↑↑	central bank independence↑trade openness↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
France exchange-control abolition (1987-1990) france_exchange_control_abolition_1987_1990	1987	↓↑	financial deregulation↓trade openness↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal
France Indicative Planning Cgp france_indicative_planning_cgp	1945	↑↑↑↑	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑spending level↑	developmentalism institutionalism austrian
France Impôt de solidarité sur la fortune — wealth tax reintroduction (1988) france_isf_creation_1988	1988-12	↑↑	tax capital↑tax progressivity↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal
France Isf Ifi Swap 2017 france_isf_ifi_swap_2017	2017	↑↓↓↓	labour market flexibility↑tax progressivity↓tax capital↓tax corporate↓	—
France Jospin-era privatisations 1997-2002 france_jospin_privatisations_1997_2002	1997	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	social_democratic ordoliberal
France Juppé Plan 1995 — Sécu reform france_juppe_plan_1995	1995-11	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
France Loi Veil — abortion legalisation (January 1975) france_loi_veil_1975	1975-01	↑	rule of law↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
France Maastricht Treaty ratification referendum france_maastricht_ratification_referendum_1992	1992-09	↑↑	central bank independence↑rule of law↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
France MATIF — financial-futures market creation (February 1986) france_matif_creation_1986	1986-02	↓↑	financial deregulation↓product market competition↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal
France Matignon Agreements 1936 france_matignon_agreements_1936	1936-06	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓rule of law↑	democratic_socialist social_democratic marxian market_socialist
France Plan Messmer — nuclear-programme acceleration (1974) france_messmer_nuclear_plan_1974	1974	↑↑↑	energy supply security↑sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
France SMIC minimum wage rise (1981) france_minimum_wage_rise_1981	1981-06	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑	post_keynesian austrian
France Monnet Plan 1947 france_monnet_plan_1947	1945	↑↑↑↑	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑spending level↑	developmentalism institutionalism austrian
France Nationalisations 1945 1946 france_nationalisations_1945_1946	1945	↑↑↑↑	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑spending level↑	developmentalism institutionalism austrian
France — nationalisations of banks and industry (February 1982) france_nationalisations_1982	1982-02	↓↑↓	product market competition↓sectoral licensing↑property rights↓	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal austrian
France Ordonnances Travail 2017 france_ordonnances_travail_2017	2017	↑↓↓↓	labour market flexibility↑tax progressivity↓tax capital↓tax corporate↓	—
France paid vacations law 1936 france_paid_vacations_law_1936	1936-06	↓	labour market flexibility↓	democratic_socialist social_democratic marxian market_socialist
France Pfu 2018 france_pfu_2018	2017	↑↓↓↓	labour market flexibility↑tax progressivity↓tax capital↓tax corporate↓	—
France Pinay Rueff Stabilisation 1958 france_pinay_rueff_stabilisation_1958	1945	↑↑↑↑	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑spending level↑	developmentalism institutionalism austrian
Plan Barre — stabilisation programme (September 1976) france_plan_barre_1976	1976-09	↑↓↓	tax corporate↑monetary expansion direction↓spending level↓	ordoliberal classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
France industrial price-control liberalisation (1978-1980) france_price_control_liberalisation_1978_1980	1978	↑	product market competition↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
France Chirac cohabitation privatisations (1986-1988) france_privatisations_chirac_1986_1988	1986-08	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal
France general income tax law 1914 france_progressive_income_tax_1914	1914-07	↑	tax progressivity↑	institutionalism social_democratic classical_liberal
France retirement age lowered to 60 (1981-1983) france_retirement_60_1981	1983-03	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian austrian
France RMI (Revenu Minimum d'Insertion) creation france_rmi_creation_1988	1988-12	↑	transfer expansion↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
France Smic 1970 france_smic_1970	1945	↑↑↑↑	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑spending level↑	developmentalism institutionalism austrian
France SNCF nationalisation 1937 france_sncf_nationalisation_1937	1937-08	↑↓↑	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓spending level↑	democratic_socialist social_democratic marxian market_socialist
France tournant de la rigueur (March 1983) france_tournant_de_la_rigueur_1983	1983-03	↓↓—	spending level↓monetary expansion direction↓labour market flexibility—	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal
France weekly rest law 1906 france_weekly_rest_law_1906	1906-07	↓	labour market flexibility↓	institutionalism social_democratic classical_liberal
France workers' and peasants' pensions 1910 france_workers_peasants_pensions_1910	1910-04	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	institutionalism social_democratic classical_liberal
Gabon constitution referendum 2024 gab_constitution_referendum_2024	2024-12	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	—
Gabon IMF Extended Fund Facility 2021 gab_imf_eff_2021	2021-07	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	—
Gabon transition charter 2023 gab_transition_charter_2023	2023	~	rule of law~	—
Germany Atomgesetz 13Th Amendment 2011 germany_atomgesetz_13th_amendment_2011	2011	↑↑↓↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑energy supply security↓sectoral subsidy↑	eco_socialist austrian empirical_pragmatist
Germany Bundesbank Law 1957 germany_bundesbank_law_1957	1948	↑↑↑↓	central bank independence↑product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Germany Codetermination Montan 1951 germany_codetermination_montan_1951	1948	↑↑↑↓	central bank independence↑product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Germany Currency Reform 1948 germany_currency_reform_1948	1948	↑↑↑↓	central bank independence↑product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Germany Eec Accession 1957 germany_eec_accession_1957	1948	↑↑↑↓	central bank independence↑product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Germany Eeg Renewable Feed In 2000 germany_eeg_renewable_feed_in_2000	1998	↑↓↓↓	labour market flexibility↑tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Germany Employee Insurance Act 1911 germany_employee_insurance_act_1911	1911	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	developmentalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Energiewende — post-Fukushima nuclear phase-out + renewable-energy acceleration germany_energiewende_2011	2011-06	↑↑↑↓	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↓	classical_liberal social_democratic chicago_monetarism developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist austrian
Germany Ethik Kommission Sichere Energieversorgung 2011 germany_ethik_kommission_sichere_energieversorgung_2011	2011	↑↑↓↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑energy supply security↓sectoral subsidy↑	eco_socialist austrian empirical_pragmatist
German Economic, Monetary and Social Union (GEMU) 1 July 1990 germany_gemu_monetary_union_1990	1990-07	↑↑	property rights↑monetary expansion direction↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal social_democratic
Germany Gwb Competition Law 1957 germany_gwb_competition_law_1957	1948	↑↑↑↓	central bank independence↑product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Hartz I-IV labour market reforms 2003-2005 germany_hartz_reforms_2003_2005	2005-01	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Germany Iraq Refusal 2002 2003 germany_iraq_refusal_2002_2003	1998	↑↓↓↓	labour market flexibility↑tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Atomkonsens — first nuclear phase-out agreement germany_nuclear_phaseout_atomkonsens_2000	2002-04	↑↓	environmental stringency↑energy supply security↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Germany Pension Reform Riester 2001 germany_pension_reform_riester_2001	2003	↑↓↓↓	labour market flexibility↑tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓transfer expansion↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Germany Pflegeversicherung (long-term-care insurance) 1994-1995 germany_pflegeversicherung_1994_1995	1994-05	↑	transfer expansion↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal social_democratic
Germany Price Liberalisation 1948 germany_price_liberalisation_1948	1948	↑↑↑↓	central bank independence↑product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Germany Reich Insurance Code 1911 germany_reich_insurance_code_1911	1911	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	developmentalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Renten-Riester pension reform germany_renten_riester_pension_2001	2001-06	↓↑	transfer expansion↓sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Germany Schroder Tax Reform 2000 2005 germany_schroder_tax_reform_2000_2005	1998	↑↓↓↓	labour market flexibility↑tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Germany Solidaritätszuschlag (solidarity surcharge) 1991 germany_solidaritaetszuschlag_1991	1991-06	↑↑	tax progressivity↑spending level↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal social_democratic
Stability and Growth Pact (Amsterdam) 1997 germany_stabilitaetspakt_amsterdam_1997	1997-06	↑↓	rule of law↑spending level↓	ordoliberal classical_liberal social_democratic
Germany Tariff Act 1902 (Buelow tariff) germany_tariff_act_1902	1902	↓↓	trade openness↓product market competition↓	developmentalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Treuhandanstalt east-German privatisation 1990-1994 germany_treuhandanstalt_privatisation_1990_1994	1990-06	↑↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑sectoral subsidy↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal social_democratic
Germany Wehrbeitrag and Army Bill 1913 germany_wehrbeitrag_army_bill_1913	1913	↑↑	spending level↑tax capital↑	developmentalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Zuwanderungsgesetz (Immigration Act) 2004 germany_zuwanderungsgesetz_2004	2004-07	↑	immigration openness↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Ghana 24-hour economy industrial and service-hours programme (2025) gh_24_hour_economy_2025	2025	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic developmentalism ordoliberal
Ghana cocoa-sector stabilisation and COCOBOD reform package (2025) gh_cocoa_sector_reform_2025	2025	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↑sectoral licensing↑	social_democratic developmentalism ordoliberal
Ghana repeal of the electronic transactions levy (2025) gh_e_levy_repeal_2025	2025	↑↑	tax progressivity↑product market competition↑	social_democratic developmentalism ordoliberal
Ghana IMF ECF continuation and post-default stabilisation path (2025) gh_imf_ecf_continuation_2025	2025	↓↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑rule of law↑	social_democratic developmentalism ordoliberal
Ghana Cedi Devaluation 1983 ghana_cedi_devaluation_1983	1983	↑↑↓↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑spending level↓central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
Ghana Civil Service Rationalisation 1987 ghana_civil_service_rationalisation_1987	1983	↑↑↓↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑spending level↓central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
Ghana Cocobod Reform 1984 ghana_cocobod_reform_1984	1983	↑↑↓↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑spending level↓central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
Ghana Soe Divestiture 1987 ghana_soe_divestiture_1987	1983	↑↑↓↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑spending level↓central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
Ghana Trade Liberalisation 1986 1991 ghana_trade_liberalisation_1986_1991	1983	↑↑↓↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑spending level↓central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist
Guinea CNRD transition charter 2021 gin_cnrd_transition_charter_2021	2021-09	~↓	rule of law~judicial independence↓	—
Guinea IMF staff-monitored reform programme 2024 gin_imf_staff_monitored_program_2024	2024	↓↓↑	spending level↓sectoral subsidy↓rule of law↑	—
Guinea local-content law 2022 gin_local_content_law_2022	2022-09	↑↓↓	sectoral licensing↑trade openness↓product market competition↓	—
Guinea Simandou framework agreement 2022 gin_simandou_framework_agreement_2022	2022-03	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑property rights↑	—
The Gambia Access to Information Act 2021 gm_access_to_information_act_2021	2021	↑	rule of law↑	—
The Gambia IMF Extended Credit Facility 2024 gm_imf_ecf_2024	2024-01	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑rule of law↑product market competition↑	—
The Gambia recovery-focused national development plan 2023-2027 gm_recovery_focused_ndp_2023_2027	2023	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	—
The Gambia Truth, Reconciliation and Reparations Commission Act 2017 gm_trrc_act_2017	2017	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	—
Guinea-Bissau cashew export campaign 2024 gnb_cashew_export_campaign_2024	2024	↑~—	sectoral licensing↑trade openness~tax progressivity—	—
Guinea-Bissau ECOWAS stabilisation mission 2022 gnb_ecowas_stabilisation_mission_2022	2022-02	↑↑	rule of law↑spending level↑	—
Guinea-Bissau IMF Extended Credit Facility 2023 gnb_imf_ecf_2023	2023-01	↓↑↑	spending level↓rule of law↑central bank independence↑	—
Guinea-Bissau parliament dissolution 2023 gnb_parliament_dissolution_2023	2023-12	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	—
Equatorial Guinea death-penalty abolition in the 2022 Penal Code gnq_death_penalty_abolition_penal_code_2022	2022-09	↑	rule of law↑	—
Equatorial Guinea hydrocarbons local-content regulation 2020 gnq_hydrocarbons_local_content_regulation_2020	2020	↑↓↓	sectoral licensing↑trade openness↓product market competition↓	—
Equatorial Guinea IMF Extended Fund Facility 2019 gnq_imf_eff_2019	2019-12	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	—
Athens 2004 Olympics delivery and cost gr_athens_olympics_2004	2004-08	↑	spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Greece systemic-bank recapitalisation via HFSF 2013-2014 gr_bank_recapitalisation_hfsf_2013_2014	2013-05	↑↑↓	financial deregulation↑sectoral subsidy↑property rights↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic post_keynesian
Banking Privatisations 2004 2006 gr_banking_privatisations_2004_2006	2004	↓↑↓↑	tax corporate↓spending level↑rule of law↓product market competition↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Greece capital controls and bank closure 2015-2019 gr_capital_controls_2015_2019	2015-06	↑↓—	financial deregulation↑property rights↓central bank independence—	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal austrian
Corporate Tax Cut 2005 gr_corporate_tax_cut_2005	2004	↓↑↓↑	tax corporate↓spending level↑rule of law↓product market competition↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Greece corporate income tax cut 28% to 22% 2019-2021 gr_corporate_tax_cut_2019_2021	2019-12	↓↓	tax corporate↓tax capital↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist austrian
Cosco Piraeus Concession 2008 gr_cosco_piraeus_concession_2008	2004	↓↑↓↑	tax corporate↓spending level↑rule of law↓product market competition↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Deficit Revision 2009 2010 gr_deficit_revision_2009_2010	2009	↓↓↑—	spending level↓transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑central bank independence—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Greece ENFIA unified property tax introduction 2013 gr_enfia_property_tax_introduction_2013	2013-12	↑↑	tax progressivity↑tax capital↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic post_keynesian
Greece ENFIA property-tax cumulative reduction 2019-2024 gr_enfia_property_tax_reduction_2019_2024	2022-04	↓	tax progressivity↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist austrian
Greece ERT public broadcaster sudden closure 2013 gr_ert_closure_2013	2013-06	↓↓	spending level↓rule of law↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic post_keynesian
First Memorandum 2010 gr_first_memorandum_2010	2009	↓↓↑—	spending level↓transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑central bank independence—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Hfsf Bank Recap 2012 gr_hfsf_bank_recap_2012	2011	↓↑↓↓	spending level↓labour market flexibility↑property rights↓financial deregulation↓	austrian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism marxian social_democratic eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Hradf Privatisation Launch 2011 gr_hradf_privatisation_launch_2011	2009	↓↓↑—	spending level↓transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑central bank independence—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Greece Hatzidakis labour-flexibility law 4808/2021 gr_labour_flexibility_law_4808_2021	2021-06	↑	labour market flexibility↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist austrian
Greece Memorandum-era labour reform bundle 2012-2014 gr_labour_reform_memorandum_2012_2014	2012-02	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic post_keynesian
Medium Term Fiscal Strategy 2011 gr_medium_term_fiscal_strategy_2011	2009	↓↓↑—	spending level↓transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑central bank independence—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Greece Third Memorandum exit and enhanced surveillance 2018 gr_memorandum_exit_2018	2018-08	↑↓	rule of law↑spending level↓	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal austrian
Greece minimum wage hikes 2019-2025 (€650 to €880) gr_minimum_wage_hikes_2019_2025	2019-01	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist austrian
Greece Katrougalos pension unification and cut 2016 gr_pension_reform_katrougalos_2016	2016-05	↓↓↑	transfer expansion↓spending level↓tax progressivity↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal austrian
Petralia pension reform 2008 gr_pension_reform_petralia_2008	2008-04	↓	transfer expansion↓	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Private Sector Minimum Wage Cut 2012 gr_private_sector_minimum_wage_cut_2012	2011	↓↑↓↓	spending level↓labour market flexibility↑property rights↓financial deregulation↓	austrian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism marxian social_democratic eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Greece Private Sector Involvement (PSI) debt exchange 2012 gr_psi_debt_exchange_2012	2012-03	↓↓	property rights↓spending level↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic post_keynesian
Psi Debt Restructuring 2012 gr_psi_debt_restructuring_2012	2011	↓↑↓↓	spending level↓labour market flexibility↑property rights↓financial deregulation↓	austrian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism marxian social_democratic eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Greece Recovery and Resilience Plan 'Greece 2.0' 2021 gr_recovery_resilience_plan_greece_2_0_2021	2021-07	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑rule of law↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist austrian
Second Memorandum 2011 Agreement gr_second_memorandum_2011_agreement	2009	↓↓↑—	spending level↓transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑central bank independence—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Second Memorandum 2012 gr_second_memorandum_2012	2011	↓↑↓↓	spending level↓labour market flexibility↑property rights↓financial deregulation↓	austrian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism marxian social_democratic eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Greece Second Memorandum implementation under Samaras 2012-2014 gr_second_memorandum_implementation_2012_2014	2012-11	↓↓↑	spending level↓transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic post_keynesian
Greek deficit statistical revision 2004 gr_statistical_revision_deficit_2004	2004-09	↓	rule of law↓	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Greece TAIPED/HCAP privatisation acceleration 2015-2019 gr_taiped_privatisation_acceleration_2015_2019	2016-08	↑↑↓	product market competition↑property rights↑spending level↓	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal austrian
Greece Tempi rail disaster institutional fallout 2023-2025 gr_tempi_rail_disaster_institutional_fallout_2023	2023-02	↓↑	rule of law↓sectoral subsidy↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist austrian
Greece Third Economic Adjustment Programme (Third Memorandum) 2015 gr_third_memorandum_2015	2015-08	↓↑↓↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↑transfer expansion↓product market competition↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal austrian
Greece 1975 Constitution (June 1975) greece_1975_constitution	1975-06	↑↑↑	rule of law↑property rights↑judicial independence↑	institutionalism classical_liberal
Greece ATA automatic wage-indexation (1982) greece_ata_indexation_1982	1982	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓monetary expansion direction↑	social_democratic post_keynesian marxian
Greece Athens 2004 Olympics infrastructure programme greece_athens_2004_olympics_infrastructure	2004-08	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
Greece Bank of Greece independence Law 2548/1997 greece_bank_of_greece_independence_1997	1997-12	↑	central bank independence↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
Greece banking-sector licensing liberalisation 1992-1993 greece_banking_sector_licensing_1992_1993	1992	↑↓	product market competition↑financial deregulation↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal
Greece Convergence Programme 1994-1999 greece_convergence_programme_1994_1999	1994-06	↓↓	spending level↓monetary expansion direction↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Greece CSF II Community Support Framework 1994-1999 greece_csf_ii_1994_1999	1994	↑	sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Greece CSF III Community Support Framework 2000-2006 greece_csf_iii_2000_2006	2000	↑	sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
Greece Debt Statistic Misreporting 2002 2009 greece_debt_statistic_misreporting_2002_2009	2001	↑↑—↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑property rights—central bank independence↑	austrian
Greece debt/GDP trajectory 1981-1989 (23% → 67%) greece_debt_trajectory_1981_1989	1981	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	social_democratic post_keynesian marxian
Greece drachma and capital-controls liberalisation 1992-1993 greece_drachma_currency_liberalisation_1992	1992	↑↓	trade openness↑financial deregulation↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal
Greece EEC accession — negotiation and treaty signing (1975-1979) greece_eec_accession_negotiation_1975_1979	1979-05	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	institutionalism classical_liberal
Greece ESY — National Health System (Law 1397/1983) greece_esy_national_health_system_1983	1983-10	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian marxian
Greece euro entry 1 January 2001 greece_euro_entry_2001	2001-01	↑↑	central bank independence↑rule of law↑	social_democratic ordoliberal austrian
Greece Fiscal Accommodation 2001 2009 greece_fiscal_accommodation_2001_2009	2001	↑↑—↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑property rights—central bank independence↑	austrian
Greece Communist Party (KKE) legalisation (September 1974) greece_kke_legalisation_1974	1974-09	↑	rule of law↑	institutionalism classical_liberal
Greece-FYROM Interim Agreement 1995 greece_macedonia_interim_agreement_1995	1995-09	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Greece Mitsotakis Stabilisation Programme 1991 greece_mitsotakis_stabilisation_programme_1991	1990-12	↓↓	spending level↓monetary expansion direction↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal
Greece NATO military-command reintegration (1980) greece_nato_reintegration_1974_1980	1980-10	↑	trade openness↑	institutionalism classical_liberal
Greece OAE — Organismos Anasygkrotisis Epicheiriseon (Law 1386/1983) greece_oae_problematic_enterprises_1983	1983-08	↑↓↑	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic post_keynesian marxian
Greece OTE partial privatisations 1996-1999 greece_ote_partial_privatisations_1996_1998	1996	↑	product market competition↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
Greece Privatisation Law 2000/1991 greece_privatisation_law_2000_1991	1991-12	↑	product market competition↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal
Greece Public Sector Wage Growth 2001 2009 greece_public_sector_wage_growth_2001_2009	2001	↑↑—↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑property rights—central bank independence↑	austrian
Greece Simitis pension reform attempts 2001-2002 greece_simitis_pension_reform_attempts_2001_2002	2001	↓	transfer expansion↓	social_democratic ordoliberal
Greece Simitis stabilisation programme (1985-1987) greece_simitis_stabilisation_1985_1987	1985-10	↓↑↓	spending level↓monetary expansion direction↑trade openness↓	social_democratic post_keynesian marxian
Greece Social Security Law 2084/1992 implementation greece_social_security_law_2084_implementation	1992-10	↓	transfer expansion↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Greece state-enterprise sector consolidation (1975-1980) greece_state_enterprise_consolidation_1975	1975	↑↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓	institutionalism classical_liberal
Greece Law 1264/1982 — trade-union rights reform greece_trade_union_law_1264_1982	1982-06	↓	labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic post_keynesian marxian
Greece VAT increase to 18% 1992 greece_vat_18_percent_1992	1992	↓↓	tax progressivity↓spending level↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal
Croatia euro adoption 2023 hr_euro_adoption_2023	2023-01	—↑	central bank independence—trade openness↑	—
Croatia Labour Act amendments 2023 hr_labour_act_amendments_2023	2023	~↑	labour market flexibility~rule of law↑	—
Croatia Schengen accession 2023 hr_schengen_accession_2023	2023-01	↑↑↑	immigration openness↑trade openness↑rule of law↑	—
Medgyessy 100-day package 2002 hu_100_day_package_2002	2002-07	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxist_leninist classical_liberal ordoliberal
100 Steps Fiscal Expansion 2005 hu_100_steps_fiscal_expansion_2005	2004	~~↑↑	spending level~transfer expansion~tax progressivity↑labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
13th-month pension introduction 2003 hu_13th_month_pension_2003	2003	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxist_leninist classical_liberal ordoliberal
Bajnai Crisis Package 2009 hu_bajnai_crisis_package_2009	2004	~~↑↑	spending level~transfer expansion~tax progressivity↑labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Balatonoszod speech leak 2006 hu_balatonoszod_leak_2006	2006-09	↓	rule of law↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism marxian post_keynesian social_democratic
Hungarian bank consolidation programme 1992-1994 hu_bank_consolidation_programme_1992_1993	1992-12	↑↑	financial deregulation↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal austrian post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Hungarian bankruptcy law (Act XLIX of 1991) hu_bankruptcy_law_1991	1992-01	↑↑	property rights↑product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal austrian post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Hungarian Bokros package 1995 hu_bokros_package_1995	1995-03	↓↓↑	spending level↓transfer expansion↓central bank independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Hungarian Company Law (Act VI of 1988) hu_company_law_vi_1988	1988-10	↑↑	property rights↑product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal austrian empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Hungarian Compensation Act (Kárpótlás) 1991 hu_compensation_act_karpotlas_1991	1991-07	↑↑	property rights↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal austrian post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Hungarian constitutional amendment — Republic of Hungary 1989 hu_constitution_amendment_republic_1989	1989-10	↑↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑property rights↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal austrian empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Convergence Programme Vat Hike 2006 hu_convergence_programme_vat_hike_2006	2004	~~↑↑	spending level~transfer expansion~tax progressivity↑labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Corporate Tax Cut 2017 hu_corporate_tax_cut_2017	2010	↓↓↑↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Hungarian crawling-peg exchange regime 1995-2001 hu_crawling_peg_exchange_regime_1995	1995-03	↑	central bank independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Hungarian EU accession 2004 hu_eu_accession_2004	2004-05	↑↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑immigration openness↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxist_leninist classical_liberal ordoliberal
Hungarian Europe Agreement 1991 hu_europe_agreement_1991	1991-12	↑	trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal austrian post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Extra-profit sectoral taxes (Hungary, 2022) hu_extra_profit_taxes_2022	2022-06	↑↓	tax corporate↑product market competition↓	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Family Tax Allowance Expansion 2011 2023 hu_family_tax_allowance_expansion_2011_2023	2022	↑↓↑↑	tax corporate↑tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Flat personal-income-tax reform (Hungary, 2011) hu_flat_pit_2011	2011-01	↓↑	tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Hungarian Foreign Investment Law (Act XXIV of 1988) hu_foreign_investment_law_1988	1988-12	↑↓	trade openness↑tax corporate↓	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal austrian empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Fundamental Law of Hungary and constitutional restructuring (2011-2013) hu_fundamental_law_2011	2011-04	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Hungarian gradualist privatisation (ÁVÜ) 1991-1994 hu_gradualist_privatisation_avu_1991	1991-08	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal austrian post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Hungarian health-insurance reform 1996-1997 hu_health_insurance_reform_1996_1997	1997-07	↑—	product market competition↑transfer expansion—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Hospital Visit Fee Referendum 2008 hu_hospital_visit_fee_referendum_2008	2004	~~↑↑	spending level~transfer expansion~tax progressivity↑labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Hungarian IMF and World Bank accession 1982 hu_imf_accession_1982	1982-05	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian eco_socialist marxian ordoliberal marxist_leninist
IMF-EU-World Bank rescue package 2008 hu_imf_eu_rescue_2008	2008-10	↓↓↑	spending level↓transfer expansion↓central bank independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism marxian post_keynesian social_democratic
EU/IMF/World Bank stand-by arrangement and Bajnai adjustment package (Hungary, 2008-2010) hu_imf_stand_by_arrangement_2008	2008-11	↓↓↑↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑monetary expansion direction↓	social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Lakastamogatas housing-loan subsidy scheme 2000 hu_lakastamogatas_housing_subsidy_2000	2000	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑transfer expansion↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal eco_socialist marxian ordoliberal post_keynesian
Mnb Unorthodox Funding For Growth 2013 2020 hu_mnb_unorthodox_funding_for_growth_2013_2020	2010	↓↓↑↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Hungarian NATO accession 1999 hu_nato_accession_1999	1999-03	↑↑	trade openness↑spending level↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal eco_socialist marxian ordoliberal post_keynesian
Hungarian New Economic Mechanism (Új Gazdasági Mechanizmus) 1968 hu_new_economic_mechanism_1968	1968-01	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian eco_socialist marxian ordoliberal marxist_leninist
Pension Nationalisation 2010 hu_pension_nationalisation_2010	2010	↓↓↑↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Hungarian three-pillar pension reform 1997 hu_pension_reform_three_pillar_1997	1998-01	↑↓	property rights↑transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Hungarian personal income tax (SZJA) and VAT (ÁFA) introduction 1988 hu_personal_income_tax_vat_1988	1988-01	↑↓↑	tax progressivity↑tax corporate↓rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian eco_socialist marxian ordoliberal marxist_leninist
Hungarian personal income-tax and VAT introduction 1988 hu_personal_income_tax_vat_reform_1988	1988-01	↑—	tax progressivity↑spending level—	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal austrian empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Administrative price caps on fuel, staple foods, and retail mortgages (Hungary, 2021-2023) hu_price_caps_fuel_food_2021_2023	2021-11	↓↑↑	product market competition↓price control intensity↑spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Hungarian accelerated privatisation (APV Rt) 1995-1997 hu_privatisation_acceleration_apv_1995_1997	1995-05	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Rezsicsökkentés — household utility-price cut regime (Hungary, 2013-present) hu_rezsicsokkentes_utility_price_regime_2013_present	2013-01	↓↑↓	product market competition↓transfer expansion↑energy supply security↓	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Rrf Judicial Reform Unlock 2023 hu_rrf_judicial_reform_unlock_2023	2022	↑↓↑↑	tax corporate↑tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Sectoral Bank Telecom Retail Taxes 2010 2014 hu_sectoral_bank_telecom_retail_taxes_2010_2014	2010	↓↓↑↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Social referendum on user fees 2008 hu_social_referendum_2008	2008-03	↑—	transfer expansion↑rule of law—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism marxian post_keynesian social_democratic
Sovereignty Protection Office 2023 hu_sovereignty_protection_office_2023	2022	↑↓↑↑	tax corporate↑tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Status Law on ethnic Hungarians in neighbouring states 2001 hu_status_law_ethnic_hungarians_2001	2001-06	↑↑	immigration openness↑transfer expansion↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal eco_socialist marxian ordoliberal post_keynesian
Stop Soros Law 2018 hu_stop_soros_law_2018	2010	↓↓↑↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Hungarian two-tier banking system 1987-1989 hu_two_tier_banking_1987_1989	1987-01	↑↑	financial deregulation↑central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal austrian empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Uj Egyensuly (New Balance) austerity package 2006 hu_uj_egyensuly_new_balance_2006	2006-06	↓↓↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism marxian post_keynesian social_democratic
Bokros Package — Hungary stabilisation 1995 hungary_bokros_package_1995	1995-03	↓↓↑	spending level↓transfer expansion↓product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Indonesia Aceh-Papua dialogue openings (2000-2001) id_aceh_papua_dialogue_2000	2000-05	↑↑	rule of law↑transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal post_keynesian social_democratic
Indonesia ASEAN Free Trade Area CEPT commitment 1992 id_afta_cept_commitment_1992	1992-01	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Indonesia anti-terror Perpu package (2002) id_anti_terror_perpu_2002	2002-10	—↑	rule of law—spending level↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist developmentalism social_democratic
Indonesia Bank Indonesia Independence Law (23/1999) id_bank_indonesia_independence_1999	1999-05	↑	central bank independence↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Indonesia Chinese cultural rehabilitation (Presidential Decree 6/2000) id_chinese_cultural_rehabilitation_2000	2000-01	↑↑	rule of law↑property rights↑	classical_liberal post_keynesian social_democratic
Indonesia Constitutional Amendments III (2001) and IV (2002) id_constitutional_amendments_iii_iv_2001_2002	2002-08	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist developmentalism social_democratic
Indonesia Constitutional Court Law (24/2003) id_constitutional_court_law_2003	2003-08	↑↑	judicial independence↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist developmentalism social_democratic
Indonesia Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) Law (2002) id_corruption_eradication_commission_kpk_2002	2002-12	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist developmentalism social_democratic
East Timor independence referendum and MPR recognition (1999) id_east_timor_referendum_1999	1999-08	↑—	rule of law↑property rights—	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Indonesia FDI ownership liberalisation 1994 id_fdi_deregulation_1994	1994-06	↑↑	trade openness↑property rights↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Indonesia Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA/BPPN) programme (1998-2004) id_ibra_bank_restructuring_1998	1998-01	↑↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑financial deregulation↓property rights↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Indonesia IBRA BCA and Indosat strategic-asset divestments (2002) id_ibra_bca_indosat_divestment_2002	2002-03	↑↑↓	product market competition↑trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist developmentalism social_democratic
Indonesia IMF programme exit (2003) id_imf_programme_exit_2003	2003-12	—↑	spending level—rule of law↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist developmentalism social_democratic
Indonesia IMF programme renegotiation under Rizal Ramli (2000) id_imf_renegotiation_2000	2000-09	↑—	spending level↑financial deregulation—	classical_liberal post_keynesian social_democratic
Jokowi fuel-subsidy cut and redirection 2014 id_jokowi_fuel_subsidy_cut_2014	2014-11	↓↑↑	sectoral subsidy↓spending level↑transfer expansion↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
KPK law revision 2019 id_jokowi_kpk_law_revision_2019	2019-09	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Jokowi nickel ore export ban 2020 id_jokowi_nickel_export_ban_2020	2020-01	↓↑↑	trade openness↓sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Nusantara new national capital law 2022 id_jokowi_nusantara_capital_2022	2022-02	↑↑↓	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↓	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Omnibus Law on Job Creation (UU Cipta Kerja) 2020 id_jokowi_omnibus_job_creation_2020	2020-11	↑↑↓↓	labour market flexibility↑product market competition↑environmental stringency↓rule of law↓	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Indonesia tax amnesty 2016 id_jokowi_tax_amnesty_2016	2016-07	↓—	tax capital↓rule of law—	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
VAT rate hike from 10% to 11% (UU HPP) 2022 id_jokowi_vat_hike_2022	2022-04	↓↑	tax progressivity↓spending level↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Indonesia civil-military relations reforms (2000-2004) id_military_civilian_supremacy_reforms_2000	2000-08	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	classical_liberal post_keynesian social_democratic
Paket Juni banking deregulation (Indonesia 1983) id_paket_juni_banking_dereg_1983	1983-06	↑↑	financial deregulation↑product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Indonesia Paknov November 1988 trade deregulation id_paknov_trade_dereg_1988	1988-11	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Indonesia Pakto October 1988 banking deregulation id_pakto_banking_deregulation_1988	1988-10	↑	financial deregulation↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Pertamina debt crisis and bailout (Indonesia 1976) id_pertamina_debt_bailout_1976	1975	↑↓↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↓rule of law↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Indonesia political-parties and election laws package (1999) id_political_parties_law_1999	1999-02	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Indonesia Prabowo B40/B50 biodiesel blending mandate id_prabowo_b40_b50_biodiesel_mandate_2025_2026	2025-01	↑↑↑	energy supply security↑sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Danantara sovereign wealth vehicle 2025 id_prabowo_danantara_2025	2025-02	↑↓↑↓	sectoral licensing↑rule of law↓spending level↑property rights↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Makan Bergizi Gratis (free nutritious-meal programme) 2025 id_prabowo_free_meals_2025	2025-01	↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
TNI Law revision expanding military civilian roles 2025 id_prabowo_tni_law_revision_2025	2025-03	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
VAT rate hike to 12% on luxury categories 2025 id_prabowo_vat_hike_12pct_2025	2025-01	↑↑	tax progressivity↑spending level↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Indonesia Press Freedom Law (Law 40/1999) id_press_freedom_law_1999	1999-09	↑↑	rule of law↑sectoral licensing↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Indonesia Regional Autonomy 'Big Bang' (Laws 22/1999 and 25/1999) id_regional_autonomy_big_bang_1999	1999-05	↑↑↑	rule of law↑spending level↑transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Repelita III and IV five-year plans (Indonesia 1979-1989) id_repelita_iii_iv_1979_1989	1979	↑↑—	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑trade openness—	developmentalism classical_liberal
Rice self-sufficiency (Indonesia 1984) id_rice_self_sufficiency_1984	1984	↑↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑trade openness↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Rupiah devaluation March 1983 (Indonesia) id_rupiah_devaluation_1983	1983-03	↑↓	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Rupiah KENAIKAN devaluation (Indonesia 1978) id_rupiah_devaluation_kenaikan_1978	1978-11	↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Bantuan Langsung Tunai (BLT) unconditional cash transfer 2005 id_sby_blt_cash_transfer_2005	2005-10	↑	transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
BPJS Kesehatan universal health insurance law 2011 id_sby_bpjs_health_law_2011	2011-10	↑↑	transfer expansion↑sectoral licensing↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
SBY fuel-subsidy price liberalisation 2005 id_sby_fuel_subsidy_reform_2005	2005-10	↓↑	sectoral subsidy↓transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Indonesia Mining Law (UU Minerba) 2009 id_sby_mining_law_2009	2009-01	↓↓↑	trade openness↓property rights↓sectoral licensing↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Raw-mineral ore export ban 2014 id_sby_raw_mineral_export_ban_2014	2014-01	↓↑↓	trade openness↓sectoral subsidy↑property rights↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Indonesia tax reform and VAT introduction (1983-1985) id_tax_reform_vat_1983_1985	1983-12	↑—↑	tax corporate↑spending level—rule of law↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Indonesia Uruguay Round / WTO accession signing 1994 id_uruguay_round_signing_1994	1994-04	↑↑	trade openness↑property rights↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Indonesia Wahid impeachment (2001) id_wahid_impeachment_2001	2001-07	↑—	rule of law↑judicial independence—	classical_liberal post_keynesian social_democratic
Anglo Irish Nationalisation 2009 ie_anglo_irish_nationalisation_2009	2008	↓↓↓↓	spending level↓financial deregulation↓transfer expansion↓property rights↓	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist marxist_leninist social_democratic institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Apple state-aid case compliance — €14.1bn Exchequer receipt (2024) ie_apple_tax_state_aid_compliance_2024	2024-09	↑↑	tax corporate↑rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Austerity Budgets 2008 2010 ie_austerity_budgets_2008_2010	2008	↓↓↓↓	spending level↓financial deregulation↓transfer expansion↓property rights↓	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist marxist_leninist social_democratic institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Bailout Exit 2013 ie_bailout_exit_2013	2011	↓↓——	spending level↓financial deregulation↓tax corporate—transfer expansion—	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist institutionalism post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian
Bank Guarantee 2008 ie_bank_guarantee_2008	2008	↓↓↓↓	spending level↓financial deregulation↓transfer expansion↓property rights↓	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist marxist_leninist social_democratic institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Budget 2024 Cost Of Living Package ie_budget_2024_cost_of_living_package	2022	↑↑↑↓	spending level↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian eco_socialist
Ireland Budget 2025 — €10.5bn pre-election giveaway package ie_budget_2025_giveaway_package	2024-10	↑↑↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↓	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Capital Gains Tax Cut 1998 ie_capital_gains_tax_cut_1998	1997	↓↓↑↑	tax corporate↓tax capital↓spending level↑transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Ireland Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Act 2021 ie_climate_act_2021_carbon_budgets	2021-07	↑↑↓	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑energy supply security↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist eco_socialist austrian
Irish corporate tax 12.5% standardisation ie_corporate_tax_12_5_standardisation_1999	2003-01	↓↑	tax corporate↓trade openness↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Corporate Tax Beps Defence 2013 2017 ie_corporate_tax_beps_defence_2013_2017	2011	↓↓——	spending level↓financial deregulation↓tax corporate—transfer expansion—	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist institutionalism post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian
Eu Imf Ecb Bailout 2010 ie_eu_imf_ecb_bailout_2010	2008	↓↓↓↓	spending level↓financial deregulation↓transfer expansion↓property rights↓	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist marxist_leninist social_democratic institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Ireland Employment Wage Subsidy Scheme (EWSS) and Pandemic Unemployment Payment (PUP), 2020-2022 ie_ewss_covid_wage_subsidy_2020_2022	2020-08	↑↑↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist eco_socialist austrian
Future Ireland Fund 2024 ie_future_ireland_fund_2024	2022	↑↑↑↓	spending level↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian eco_socialist
Good Friday / Belfast Agreement ie_good_friday_agreement_1998	1998-04	↑↑	rule of law↑property rights↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Housing For All Continuation 2024 ie_housing_for_all_continuation_2024	2022	↑↑↑↓	spending level↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian eco_socialist
Housing for All — A New Housing Plan for Ireland (2021) ie_housing_for_all_plan_2021	2021-09	↑↑—	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑product market competition—	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist eco_socialist austrian
Living Wage Target 2024 2026 ie_living_wage_target_2024_2026	2024	↑↑↑↓	tax corporate↑spending level↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Macroprudential Mortgage Caps 2015 ie_macroprudential_mortgage_caps_2015	2011	↓↓——	spending level↓financial deregulation↓tax corporate—transfer expansion—	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist institutionalism post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian
Nama 2009 ie_nama_2009	2008	↓↓↓↓	spending level↓financial deregulation↓transfer expansion↓property rights↓	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist marxist_leninist social_democratic institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian
National Childrens Hospital Overrun ie_national_childrens_hospital_overrun	2024	↑↑↑↓	tax corporate↑spending level↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
National Development Plan 2000 2013 ie_national_development_plan_2000_2013	1997	↓↓↑↑	tax corporate↓tax capital↓spending level↑transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Oecd Pillar2 Agreement 2021 ie_oecd_pillar2_agreement_2021	2020	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax corporate↑environmental stringency↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist eco_socialist austrian
Ireland OECD Pillar 2 15% minimum effective corporate tax (QDMTT, IIR, UTPR) ie_oecd_pillar2_corporate_tax_2024	2023-12	↑	tax corporate↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian eco_socialist
Promissory Note Restructuring 2013 ie_promissory_note_restructuring_2013	2011	↓↓——	spending level↓financial deregulation↓tax corporate—transfer expansion—	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist institutionalism post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian
Property Incentive Reliefs 1998 2006 ie_property_incentive_reliefs_1998_2006	1997	↓↓↑↑	tax corporate↓tax capital↓spending level↑transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Irish public-service benchmarking pay awards ie_social_partnership_benchmarking_2002_2007	2002	↑	spending level↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Special Savings Incentive Accounts (SSIA) ie_ssia_savings_scheme_2001	2001-05	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑tax capital↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Statutory Sick Pay Act 2022 ie_statutory_sick_pay_act_2022	2020	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax corporate↑environmental stringency↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist eco_socialist austrian
Tbess Energy Subsidy 2022 2023 ie_tbess_energy_subsidy_2022_2023	2022	↑↑↑↓	spending level↑tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian eco_socialist
Water Charges Introduction Suspension 2014 2016 ie_water_charges_introduction_suspension_2014_2016	2011	↓↓——	spending level↓financial deregulation↓tax corporate—transfer expansion—	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist institutionalism post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian
Israel 1977 Economic Upheaval — FX liberalisation il_1977_economic_upheaval_fx_liberalisation	1977-10	↑↑	trade openness↑financial deregulation↑	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist classical_liberal
1983 Israeli bank-shares crisis il_1983_bank_shares_crisis	1983-10	↓↓	financial deregulation↓property rights↓	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist classical_liberal
Israeli bank-shares nationalisation arrangement October 1983 il_1983_bank_shares_nationalisation	1983-10	↓↑	financial deregulation↓spending level↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
1984 'Package Deals' wage-price coordination il_1984_package_deals_wage_price_coord	1984	↓↓	product market competition↓labour market flexibility↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
Israeli indexation reform July 1985 il_1985_indexation_reform	1985	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑monetary expansion direction↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist new_keynesian developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
US emergency aid package 1985 conditional on Israeli stabilisation il_1985_us_emergency_aid_package	1985	↑↑	transfer expansion↑central bank independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist new_keynesian developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Abraham Accords normalisation (Israel side) il_abraham_accords_israel_2020	2020-09	↑	trade openness↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Aridor 'correct economics' consumer subsidies 1981-1982 il_aridor_consumer_subsidies_1981	1981	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑spending level↑	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist classical_liberal
Israel Economic Arrangements Law 2021 il_arrangements_law_2021	2021-11	↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Bank of Israel Law 2010 (enactment) il_bank_of_israel_law_2010	2010-03	↑	central bank independence↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian
Bank of Israel Law drafting (Olmert era) il_bank_of_israel_law_2010_draft_2008	2008	↑	central bank independence↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Barak-era capital-market liberalisation continuation il_barak_capital_markets_continuation_1999_2001	1999	↑	financial deregulation↑	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Bezeq controlling-stake sale to Ap.Sb.Ar il_bezeq_control_sale_2005	2005-10	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist eco_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Bezeq partial privatisation tranches 1997-1999 il_bezeq_partial_privatisation_1997	1997	↓	sectoral licensing↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism eco_socialist democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Bank of Israel tightening cycle 2022 il_boi_tightening_cycle_2022	2022-04	↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Camp David Accords and Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty economic effects 1978-79 il_camp_david_accords_1978	1978-09	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist classical_liberal
Camp David Summit II il_camp_david_ii_summit_2000	2000-07	—	rule of law—	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Israeli capital-market liberalisation (1987-1992) il_capital_market_liberalisation_1987_1992	1987	↓↑	financial deregulation↓central bank independence↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal post_keynesian
Operation Cast Lead security spending (Gaza 2008-2009) il_cast_lead_security_spending_2008	2008-12	↑	spending level↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Israeli cellular market reform il_cellular_reform_2016	2012	↑	product market competition↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Cost-of-living policy package (post-2011 protests) il_cottage_cheese_tax_response_2011	2011	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian
Israel COVID-19 emergency economic package il_covid_emergency_package_2020	2020	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Israel sovereign-credit downgrades 2024 il_credit_rating_downgrades_2024	2024	↓↑	rule of law↓spending level↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Israeli Deficit Reduction Law (1992) il_deficit_reduction_law_1992	1992	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Israeli Gas Framework 2015 il_gas_framework_2015	2015-12	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓product market competition↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Gaza disengagement il_gaza_disengagement_2005	2005-08	↓↑↑	property rights↓spending level↑rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist eco_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Operation Grapes of Wrath (South Lebanon, 1996) il_grapes_of_wrath_south_lebanon_1996	1996-04	↑	spending level↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist ordoliberal eco_socialist
Israel Haredi-draft Supreme Court ruling and coalition crisis 2024 il_haredi_draft_crisis_2024	2024-06	↑↓↑	labour market flexibility↑sectoral subsidy↓rule of law↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Hebron Protocol il_hebron_protocol_1997	1997-01	↓↑	property rights↓rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism eco_socialist democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Israel–Lebanon maritime border agreement 2022 il_israel_lebanon_maritime_agreement_2022	2022-10	↑↑	energy supply security↑trade openness↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace (1994) il_jordan_peace_treaty_1994	1994-10	↑	trade openness↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Israel judicial overhaul plan (Levin–Rothman) 2023 il_judicial_overhaul_plan_2023	2023-01	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Zero-VAT for first-home-buyers (proposal and shelving) il_kahlon_housing_vat_zero_2014	2014	—↑	tax progressivity—sectoral licensing↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Nation-State Basic Law il_nation_state_basic_law_2018	2018-07	—	rule of law—	classical_liberal developmentalism
Netanyahu Emergency Economic Plan (Arrangements Law 2003) il_netanyahu_emergency_economic_plan_2003	2003-06	↓↓↑↓	tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑sectoral licensing↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist eco_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Netanyahu I income-tax reduction measures il_netanyahu_i_income_tax_cuts_1997_1999	1997	↓	tax progressivity↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism eco_socialist democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Israel OECD accession process il_oecd_accession_push_2008	2007	↑↑	product market competition↑rule of law↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Operation Defensive Shield il_operation_defensive_shield_2002	2002-03	↑↓	spending level↑property rights↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist eco_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Operation Swords of Iron — economic dimension 2023–present il_operation_swords_of_iron_2023	2023-10	↑↓↓	spending level↑trade openness↓energy supply security↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Oslo I — Declaration of Principles (1993) il_oslo_i_declaration_1993	1993-09	↑	rule of law↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Oslo II implementation (1995-1996) il_oslo_ii_implementation_1995_1996	1995	↑	rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist ordoliberal eco_socialist
Oslo II — Interim Agreement (1995) il_oslo_ii_interim_agreement_1995	1995-09	↑	rule of law↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Israel parallel-imports and EU-standards reform 2021 il_parallel_imports_reform_2021	2021-11	↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Paris Protocol on Economic Relations (1994) il_paris_protocol_1994	1994-04	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Israel female retirement-age rise 62→65 (2021) il_pension_age_reform_2021	2021-11	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑spending level↓	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Israeli SOE privatisation continuation (1995-1996) il_privatisation_continuation_1995_1996	1995	↑	product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist ordoliberal eco_socialist
Israel 'reasonableness standard' repeal (Basic Law Amendment) 2023 il_reasonableness_clause_repeal_2023	2023-07	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Second Intifada initial Israeli security response il_second_intifada_response_2000_2001	2000	↑↓	spending level↑trade openness↓	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
New Israeli Shekel USD peg July 1985 il_shekel_peg_1985	1985-07	↑↓	central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist new_keynesian developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Sheshinski I natural-gas royalty framework il_sheshinski_gas_royalty_2011	2011-03	↓↑	sectoral subsidy↓tax corporate↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian
Smotrich Finance-Ministry control of West Bank Civil Administration 2023 il_smotrich_west_bank_administration_2023	2023-02	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
IDF unilateral withdrawal from southern Lebanon il_south_lebanon_withdrawal_2000	2000-05	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Soviet-Jewish aliyah absorption basket (1990) il_soviet_aliyah_absorption_basket_1990	1990	↑↑	immigration openness↑transfer expansion↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal post_keynesian
Israeli Economic Stabilization Plan (July 1985) il_stabilisation_plan_1985	1985	↓↑↓—	spending level↓central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓product market competition—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist new_keynesian developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Strum Law bank-credit-card separation il_strum_banking_separation_2018	2017	↑↑	product market competition↑financial deregulation↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Israel sugary-drinks and disposable-ware excise (2021) il_sugary_drinks_tax_2021	2021-11	↑↑	environmental stringency↑tax progressivity↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Trajtenberg Committee on social-economic change il_trajtenberg_committee_2011	2011-09	↑↑	tax progressivity↑transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian
US $10bn loan-guarantees dispute (1991-1992) il_us_loan_guarantees_dispute_1991_1992	1991	↑	spending level↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal post_keynesian
Israel-Pfizer vaccine data-for-supply deal il_vaccine_data_deal_2021	2021-01	↑	sectoral subsidy↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Israel pandemic VAT-cut non-renewal (2021) il_vat_cut_nonrenewal_2021	2021	↓	spending level↓	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Israel war supplementary budget (Swords of Iron) 2023–2024 il_war_supplementary_budget_2024	2024-03	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
West Bank security barrier construction il_west_bank_security_barrier_2002	2002	↑↓	spending level↑property rights↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist eco_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Likud West Bank settlement expansion programme 1977-1983 il_west_bank_settlement_expansion_likud_1977	1977	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist classical_liberal
Wye River Memorandum il_wye_river_memorandum_1998	1998-10	↓—	property rights↓rule of law—	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism eco_socialist democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
India — Abrogation of Article 370 and reorganisation of Jammu & Kashmir (2019) in_article_370_abrogation_2019	2019-08	——	property rights—rule of law—	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India — Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) 2018 in_ayushman_bharat_pmjay_2018	2018-09	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India Bharat Nirman rural-infrastructure programme (2005-2012) in_bharat_nirman_programme_2005	2005-12	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal developmentalism
India — Corporate tax cut 30% to 22% (2019) in_corporate_tax_cut_2019	2019-09	↓↓	tax corporate↓spending level↓	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India Article VIII full current-account convertibility 1994 in_current_account_convertibility_1994	1994-08	↑↑	financial deregulation↑trade openness↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
India Agricultural and Rural Debt Relief Scheme 1990 in_farm_loan_waiver_1990	1990-02	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
India pre-1991-crisis fiscal drift in_fiscal_drift_pre_1991_crisis	1988	↑	spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
India Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act 2003 in_frbm_act_2003	2003-08	↓↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑	classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
India gold pledge against balance-of-payments collapse 1991 in_gold_pledge_forex_crisis_1991	1991-05	↓	central bank independence↓	developmentalism
India Golden Quadrilateral / National Highways Development Project (1999) in_golden_quadrilateral_highway_1999	1999-01	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
India — Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 in_ibc_2016	2016-05	↑↑↑	rule of law↑product market competition↑property rights↑	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India IMF Structural Adjustment negotiation initiation 1991 in_imf_standby_negotiation_initial_1991	1991	↑↓	trade openness↑spending level↓	developmentalism
India-US Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (2008) in_indo_us_civil_nuclear_deal_2008	2008-10	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal developmentalism
India New Industrial Policy — Licensing Abolition 1991 in_industrial_policy_delicensing_1991	1991-07	↓↑↑	sectoral licensing↓product market competition↑property rights↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
India Mandal Commission OBC reservations implementation 1990 in_mandal_commission_implementation_1990	1990-08	↑	rule of law↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
India — Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2005) in_mgnrega_2005	2005-09	↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India MRTP Act asset-limit removal 1991 in_mrtp_act_amendment_1991	1991-09	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
NDA strategic-disinvestment programme (1999-2004) in_nda_disinvestment_programme_1999	1999-12	↑↓↑	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓property rights↑	classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
India New Telecom Policy 1999 (revenue-share regime) in_new_telecom_policy_1999	1999-03	↑↑	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↑	classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
India — National Food Security Act (2013) in_nfsa_2013	2013-09	↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law↑	social_democratic developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India NREGA / MGNREGA rural employment guarantee (2005) in_nrega_mgnrega_2005	2005-09	↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal developmentalism
India Pokhran-II nuclear tests and weaponised-state declaration (1998) in_pokhran_ii_nuclear_tests_1998	1998-05	↓↑—	trade openness↓spending level↑rule of law—	classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
India Right to Information Act 2005 in_right_to_information_act_2005	2005-10	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal developmentalism
India rupee twin devaluation July 1991 in_rupee_devaluation_1991	1991-07	↑↑	trade openness↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
India Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan — universal elementary education (2001) in_sarva_shiksha_abhiyan_2001	2001-11	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
India SEBI Act — statutory securities regulator 1992 in_sebi_act_1992	1992-04	↑↑	financial deregulation↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
India Special Economic Zones Act 2005 in_sez_act_2005	2005-06	↑↓↑	trade openness↑tax corporate↓labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal developmentalism
India Sixth Central Pay Commission implementation (2008) in_sixth_pay_commission_2008	2008-08	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal developmentalism
India tariff reduction programme 1991-1996 in_tariff_cuts_1991_1996	1991	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
India — Union Budget 2024-25 (Modi third-term first full budget) in_union_budget_2024_25	2024-07	↓↓—↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↓tax capital—sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India Union Budget 2026-27 manufacturing and reform package in_union_budget_2026_27	2026-02	↑~↑~	sectoral subsidy↑spending level~product market competition↑trade openness~	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India Uruguay Round / WTO accession signing 1994 in_uruguay_round_signing_1994	1994-04	↑↑	trade openness↑property rights↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
India — Waqf (Amendment) Act 2025 in_waqf_amendment_act_2025	2025-04	~~	property rights~rule of law~	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
44th Constitutional Amendment — post-Emergency restoration (India 1978) india_44th_constitutional_amendment_1978	1978-12	↑↑↓	rule of law↑judicial independence↑property rights↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
India Aadhaar Rollout 2010 Present india_aadhaar_rollout_2010_present	2009	↑↑↑~	transfer expansion↑spending level↑trade openness↑sectoral licensing~	social_democratic developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
52nd Constitutional Amendment — Anti-defection Law Tenth Schedule (India 1985) india_anti_defection_10th_schedule_1985	1985-02	↑↓	rule of law↑judicial independence↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Antyodaya rural poverty programme (India 1977) india_antyodaya_rural_programme_1977	1977-10	↑↑	transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
India Bank Nationalisation 1969 india_bank_nationalisation_1969	1951	↓↓↑↓	sectoral licensing↓trade openness↓spending level↑financial deregulation↓	developmentalism marxian democratic_socialist classical_liberal
Second wave of bank nationalisation (India 1980) india_bank_nationalisation_second_wave_1980	1980-04	↓↓↓	financial deregulation↓property rights↓product market competition↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal
Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) establishment (India 1984) india_cdot_establishment_1984	1984-08	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
India Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 india_citizenship_amendment_act_2019	2014	↓↑↑↑	tax corporate↓sectoral subsidy↑transfer expansion↑product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India Companies Act 2013 india_companies_act_2013	2009	↑↑↑~	transfer expansion↑spending level↑trade openness↑sectoral licensing~	social_democratic developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Constitution of India 1950 india_constitution_1950	1950-01	↑↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑property rights↑	developmentalism social_democratic democratic_socialist classical_liberal
India Demonetisation 2016 india_demonetisation_2016	2016	↑↓—↑	product market competition↑property rights↓tax corporate—sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Indian Economic Liberalisation 1991 (Rao-Manmohan reforms) india_economic_liberalisation_1991	1991-07	↑↑↓↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑sectoral licensing↓financial deregulation↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
India Farm Laws 2020 Repealed 2021 india_farm_laws_2020_repealed_2021	2014	↓↑↑↑	tax corporate↓sectoral subsidy↑transfer expansion↑product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India Fdi Multibrand Retail 2012 india_fdi_multibrand_retail_2012	2009	↑↑↑~	transfer expansion↑spending level↑trade openness↑sectoral licensing~	social_democratic developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India Fera 1973 india_fera_1973	1951	↓↓↑↓	sectoral licensing↓trade openness↓spending level↑financial deregulation↓	developmentalism marxian democratic_socialist classical_liberal
Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford reforms) india_government_of_india_act_1919	1919-12	~	rule of law~	institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism
Government of India Act 1935 india_government_of_india_act_1935	1935-08	~↑	rule of law~judicial independence↑	institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism
India Goods and Services Tax 2017 india_gst_2017	2017-07	↑↑	rule of law↑trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
IBM and Coca-Cola expulsion under FERA 1973 (India 1977) india_ibm_cocacola_expulsion_1977	1977	↓↓↓	trade openness↓property rights↓product market competition↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
India IMF Extended Fund Facility (India 1981) india_imf_eff_1981	1981-11	↑↓	trade openness↑spending level↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal
Indian Councils Act 1909 (Morley-Minto reforms) india_indian_councils_act_1909	1909-05	~	rule of law~	institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism
India Industrial Policy Resolution 1948 india_industrial_policy_resolution_1948	1948-04	↑↑	sectoral licensing↑spending level↑	developmentalism social_democratic democratic_socialist classical_liberal
India Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 india_industrial_policy_resolution_1956	1951	↓↓↑↓	sectoral licensing↓trade openness↓spending level↑financial deregulation↓	developmentalism marxian democratic_socialist classical_liberal
India Industries Development Regulation Act 1951 india_industries_development_regulation_act_1951	1951	↓↓↑↓	sectoral licensing↓trade openness↓spending level↑financial deregulation↓	developmentalism marxian democratic_socialist classical_liberal
India Land Acquisition Act 2013 india_land_acquisition_act_2013	2009	↑↑↑~	transfer expansion↑spending level↑trade openness↑sectoral licensing~	social_democratic developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Long-Term Fiscal Policy (India 1985) india_long_term_fiscal_policy_1985	1985-12	↓↓	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Modified Value-Added Tax (MODVAT) (India 1986) india_modvat_1986	1986-03	↓↑	tax corporate↓product market competition↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
India Mrtp Act 1969 india_mrtp_act_1969	1951	↓↓↑↓	sectoral licensing↓trade openness↓spending level↑financial deregulation↓	developmentalism marxian democratic_socialist classical_liberal
Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act — Shah Bano reversal (India 1986) india_muslim_women_act_shahbano_reversal_1986	1986-05	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
India National Education Policy 2020 india_national_education_policy_2020	2014	↓↑↑↑	tax corporate↓sectoral subsidy↑transfer expansion↑product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
New Computer Policy (India 1984) india_new_computer_policy_1984	1984-11	↓↑↑	sectoral licensing↓trade openness↑product market competition↑	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal
India Income-tax Act 2025 direct-tax codification india_new_income_tax_bill_2025	2025-08	↓——↑	tax progressivity↓sectoral subsidy—spending level—product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
New Telecom Policy and MTNL/VSNL creation (India 1986) india_new_telecom_policy_1986	1986-04	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓product market competition↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
New Textile Policy (India 1985) india_new_textile_policy_1985	1985-06	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓trade openness↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Operation Blue Star (India 1984) india_operation_blue_star_1984	1984-06	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal
Planning Commission establishment (India 1950) india_planning_commission_establishment_1950	1950-03	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism social_democratic democratic_socialist classical_liberal
India Pli Scheme 2020 india_pli_scheme_2020	2014	↓↑↑↑	tax corporate↓sectoral subsidy↑transfer expansion↑product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India Pli Scheme Continuation 2024 Present india_pli_scheme_continuation_2024_present	2024	↓↑~↑	tax progressivity↓sectoral subsidy↑spending level~product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India Quantitative Import Restrictions Pre 1991 india_quantitative_import_restrictions_pre_1991	1951	↓↓↑↓	sectoral licensing↓trade openness↓spending level↑financial deregulation↓	developmentalism marxian democratic_socialist classical_liberal
India Rera 2016 india_rera_2016	2014	↓↑↑↑	tax corporate↓sectoral subsidy↑transfer expansion↑product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Reserve Bank of India Act 1934 india_reserve_bank_of_india_act_1934	1934-03	↑↑	central bank independence↑financial deregulation↑	institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism
India Rte Act 2009 india_rte_act_2009	2009	↑↑↑~	transfer expansion↑spending level↑trade openness↑sectoral licensing~	social_democratic developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India Rti Act 2005 india_rti_act_2005	2009	↑↑↑~	transfer expansion↑spending level↑trade openness↑sectoral licensing~	social_democratic developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
India Semiconductor Mission 2024 Present india_semiconductor_mission_2024_present	2024	↓↑~↑	tax progressivity↓sectoral subsidy↑spending level~product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Sixth Five-Year Plan (India 1980-1985) india_sixth_five_year_plan_1980_1985	1980	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal
India Uniform Civil Code Uttarakhand 2025 india_uniform_civil_code_uttarakhand_2025	2024	↓↑~↑	tax progressivity↓sectoral subsidy↑spending level~product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Indonesia Balanced Budget Rule 1967 1997 indonesia_balanced_budget_rule_1967_1997	1966	↑~↓~	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness~rule of law↓property rights~	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Indonesia Bank Indonesia Independence 1999 indonesia_bank_indonesia_independence_1999	1998	↑↑↑↑	central bank independence↑financial deregulation↑product market competition↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Indonesia Bimas Green Revolution 1970S indonesia_bimas_green_revolution_1970s	1966	↑~↓~	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness~rule of law↓property rights~	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Indonesia Decentralisation Laws 1999 indonesia_decentralisation_laws_1999	1998	↑↑↑↑	central bank independence↑financial deregulation↑product market competition↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Indonesia Fuel Subsidy Reform 2005 2015 indonesia_fuel_subsidy_reform_2005_2015	1998	↑↑↑↑	central bank independence↑financial deregulation↑product market competition↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Indonesia Imf Programme 1997 indonesia_imf_programme_1997	1998	↑↑↑↑	central bank independence↑financial deregulation↑product market competition↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism chicago_monetarism developmentalism
Indonesia Inpres Rural Development indonesia_inpres_rural_development	1966	↑~↓~	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness~rule of law↓property rights~	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Indonesia Lps Deposit Insurance 2004 indonesia_lps_deposit_insurance_2004	1998	↑↑↑↑	central bank independence↑financial deregulation↑product market competition↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Indonesia Omnibus Job Creation Law 2020 indonesia_omnibus_job_creation_law_2020	1998	↑↑↑↑	central bank independence↑financial deregulation↑product market competition↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Indonesia Pma Foreign Investment Law 1967 indonesia_pma_foreign_investment_law_1967	1966	↑~↓~	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness~rule of law↓property rights~	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Indonesia Trade Liberalisation Packages 1986 1996 indonesia_trade_liberalisation_packages_1986_1996	1966	↑~↓~	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness~rule of law↓property rights~	developmentalism chicago_monetarism institutionalism
18 Tir (July 1999) student protests and Tehran University raid ir_18_tir_student_protests_1999	1999-07	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic developmentalism post_keynesian eco_socialist marxist_leninist
Iran bank and insurance nationalisation 1979 ir_1979_bank_insurance_nationalisation	1979-06	↓↓	product market competition↓financial deregulation↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian market_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal
Islamic Republic of Iran Constitution 1979 ir_1979_islamic_republic_constitution	1979-12	↓↓	rule of law↓property rights↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian market_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal
Iran Law for Protection and Expansion of Iranian Industry 1979 ir_1979_large_industry_nationalisation	1979-07	↓↓	property rights↓product market competition↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian market_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal
Iran Amouzegar anti-inflation austerity 1977 ir_amouzegar_anti_inflation_austerity_1977	1977	↓↓	spending level↓product market competition↓	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian democratic_socialist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Iran bonyad (religious foundation) system founding 1979 ir_bonyad_foundation_system_1979	1979	↓↓↓	property rights↓rule of law↓product market competition↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian market_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal
Iran bread/flour subsidy 'economic surgery' and smart-card quotas ir_bread_smartcard_subsidy_reform_2022	2022-05	↓↑↑	sectoral subsidy↓transfer expansion↑trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal new_keynesian
Iran BRICS accession 2024 ir_brics_accession_2024	2024-01	↑	trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal new_keynesian
Iran buy-back oil-investment contracts (1995) ir_buy_back_oil_contracts_1995	1995	↑	trade openness↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic eco_socialist
Iranian rial exchange-rate unification ir_exchange_rate_unification_2002	2002-03	↓↑	financial deregulation↓trade openness↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic developmentalism post_keynesian eco_socialist marxist_leninist
Iran 1993 exchange-rate unification attempt ir_exchange_unification_attempt_1993	1993	↓↑	financial deregulation↓monetary expansion direction↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic eco_socialist
Pezeshkian FATF re-engagement signal ir_fatf_reengagement_signal_2024	2024-09	↑	financial deregulation↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal developmentalism
Iran Fifth Development Plan doubling 1974-78 ir_fifth_plan_doubling_1974_1978	1974	↑↑	spending level↑monetary expansion direction↑	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian democratic_socialist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act (FIPPA) ir_fippa_foreign_investment_2002	2002-05	↑↑	trade openness↑property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic developmentalism post_keynesian eco_socialist marxist_leninist
Iran First Five-Year Development Plan (1989-1994) ir_first_five_year_plan_1989	1989	↑↑	spending level↑trade openness↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic eco_socialist
Iran foreign-debt payment crisis (1993-1994) ir_foreign_debt_crisis_1993_1994	1993	↓	spending level↓	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic eco_socialist
Iran Free Trade Zones — Kish and Qeshm (1993) ir_ftz_kish_qeshm_1993	1993	↑↓	trade openness↑tax corporate↓	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic eco_socialist
Iran Nov 2019 fuel-price tripling and quota reform ir_fuel_price_reform_2019	2019-11	↓↑↓	sectoral subsidy↓transfer expansion↑rule of law↓	new_keynesian classical_liberal developmentalism
Impeachment of Economy Minister Hemmati (2025) ir_hemmati_impeachment_2025	2025-03	—↓	rule of law—central bank independence↓	new_keynesian classical_liberal developmentalism
Chastity and Hijab Bill (Iran) ir_hijab_chastity_bill_2023	2023-09	↓↓	rule of law↓sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism classical_liberal new_keynesian
Iran-Iraq War economy 1980-1988 ir_iran_iraq_war_economy_1980_1988	1980-09	↓↑↓	trade openness↓spending level↑product market competition↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian market_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal
Israel-Iran-US war ceasefire (Jun 2025) ir_israel_iran_war_ceasefire_2025	2025-06	↓↓	energy supply security↓central bank independence↓	new_keynesian classical_liberal developmentalism
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (Iran nuclear deal) ir_jcpoa_nuclear_deal_2015	2015-07	↑↑	trade openness↑central bank independence↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal developmentalism
Mehr housing programme ir_mehr_housing_programme_2007	2007	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑monetary expansion direction↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Natanz and Arak nuclear facility disclosure ir_natanz_nuclear_disclosure_2002	2002-08	↓	rule of law↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic developmentalism post_keynesian eco_socialist marxist_leninist
Nuclear escalation and sanctions spiral ir_nuclear_escalation_sanctions_2006_2012	2006	↓	trade openness↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Iran-US indirect nuclear talks via Oman (Pezeshkian) ir_nuclear_talks_reopening_oman_2025	2025-04	↑	trade openness↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal developmentalism
Iran Rastakhiz mandatory one-party system 1975 ir_rastakhiz_one_party_1975	1975	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian democratic_socialist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Rial currency collapse 2012 ir_rial_collapse_2012	2011	↓↓	central bank independence↓financial deregulation↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Rouhani rial unification attempt and NIMA FX system ir_rial_unification_attempt_2018	2018-04	↓↓	trade openness↓central bank independence↓	new_keynesian classical_liberal developmentalism
Iran-Saudi Arabia normalisation (China-brokered) ir_saudi_iran_normalisation_2023	2023-03	↑	trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal new_keynesian
Rouhani continuation and partial tightening of Targeted Subsidies cash-transfer ir_subsidy_cash_transfer_continuation_2014	2014-04	↓↓	transfer expansion↓sectoral subsidy↓	new_keynesian classical_liberal developmentalism
Targeted Subsidies Reform Law (hedfmandi-yarane-ha) ir_targeted_subsidies_reform_2010	2010-12	↓↑	sectoral subsidy↓transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Tehran Declaration E3-Iran nuclear agreement ir_tehran_declaration_e3_2003	2003-10	↑	rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic developmentalism post_keynesian eco_socialist marxist_leninist
Iran 60% uranium enrichment and IAEA monitoring degradation ir_uranium_enrichment_60pct_2021	2021-04	↓↓	rule of law↓trade openness↓	developmentalism classical_liberal new_keynesian
Iran Article 44 Privatisation 2006 iran_article_44_privatisation_2006	1979	↓↑↓↓	product market competition↓transfer expansion↑trade openness↓property rights↓	developmentalism marxian chicago_monetarism
Iran Bonyad Parastatal System iran_bonyad_parastatal_system	1979	↓↑↓↓	product market competition↓transfer expansion↑trade openness↓property rights↓	developmentalism marxian chicago_monetarism
Iran Generalised Consumer Subsidy Regime iran_generalised_consumer_subsidy_regime	1979	↓↑↓↓	product market competition↓transfer expansion↑trade openness↓property rights↓	developmentalism marxian chicago_monetarism
Iran Nationalisations 1979 1982 iran_nationalisations_1979_1982	1979	↓↑↓↓	product market competition↓transfer expansion↑trade openness↓property rights↓	developmentalism marxian chicago_monetarism
Iran Targeted Subsidies Reform 2010 iran_targeted_subsidies_reform_2010	1979	↓↑↓↓	product market competition↓transfer expansion↑trade openness↓property rights↓	developmentalism marxian chicago_monetarism
Iran Usury Free Banking Law 1983 iran_usury_free_banking_law_1983	1979	↓↑↓↓	product market competition↓transfer expansion↑trade openness↓property rights↓	developmentalism marxian chicago_monetarism
Ireland implementation of 1977 FF manifesto (1979-1981) ireland_1977_manifesto_implementation_1979_1981	1977	↓↑	tax progressivity↓spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Ireland 1988 tax amnesty ireland_1988_tax_amnesty	1988	↓↓	spending level↓rule of law↓	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Anglo-Irish Agreement (November 1985) ireland_anglo_irish_agreement_1985	1985-11	↑	rule of law↑	social_democratic institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Ireland 'Building on Reality 1985-1987' plan (October 1984) ireland_building_on_reality_1984	1984-10	↓↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↑	social_democratic institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Ireland Capital Gains Tax reduction 40%→26% (Finance Act 1997) ireland_cgt_reduction_1997	1997-05	↓	tax capital↓	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Irish Corporate Tax reduction programme 1987-2003 ireland_corporate_tax_reduction_1987	1987-10	↓↑	tax corporate↓trade openness↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Ireland debt/GNP spiral 75% → 110% (1978-1982) ireland_debt_spiral_1978_1982	1978	↑	spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Ireland divorce referendum (June 1986) ireland_divorce_referendum_1986	1986-06	—	rule of law—	social_democratic institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Ireland Divorce Referendum 1995 ireland_divorce_referendum_1995	1995-11	↑↑	rule of law↑property rights↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Ireland-UK Downing Street Declaration 1993 ireland_downing_street_declaration_1993	1993-12	↑	rule of law↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Ireland Eighth Amendment (September 1983) ireland_eighth_amendment_1983	1983-09	—	rule of law—	social_democratic institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Ireland EMS entry and break from sterling (March 1979) ireland_ems_entry_1979	1979-03	↑↑	central bank independence↑trade openness↑	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Ireland Haughey state-of-nation broadcast (January 1980) ireland_haughey_1980_broadcast	1980-01	—	spending level—	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Ireland IFSC 10% corporate-tax rate establishment 1987 ireland_ifsc_10_percent_rate_1987	1987-12	↓↓	tax corporate↓financial deregulation↓	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Ireland International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) foundation (1987) ireland_ifsc_foundation_1987	1987-05	↓↓↑	tax corporate↓financial deregulation↓trade openness↑	social_democratic institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Ireland MacSharry fiscal consolidation 1987-1989 ireland_macsharry_fiscal_consolidation_1987_1989	1987	↓	spending level↓	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Ireland tax-broadening and PAYE rises (1983-1986) ireland_pay_ve_adjustments_1983_1986	1983	↑↓	tax progressivity↑spending level↓	social_democratic institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Ireland Programme for Competitiveness and Work (PCW) 1994 ireland_pcw_1994	1994-02	↑	labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Ireland PCW continuation and Partnership 2000 preparation ireland_pcw_continuation_ramp_1994_1997	1994	↑	labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Ireland Programme for Economic and Social Progress (PESP) 1990 ireland_pesp_1990	1990-12	↑	labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Ireland Programme for National Recovery (PNR) 1987 ireland_programme_national_recovery_1987	1987-10	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑monetary expansion direction↓	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Ireland public-sector pay concessions (1979-1981) ireland_public_sector_pay_expansion_1979_1981	1979	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Ireland punt ERM devaluation 30 January 1993 ireland_punt_devaluation_1993	1993-01	↑	monetary expansion direction↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Ireland Residential Property Tax abolition 1997 ireland_rpt_abolition_1997	1997-05	↓↓	tax capital↓tax progressivity↓	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Ireland EU Structural Funds CSF 1994-1999 ireland_structural_funds_csf_1994_1999	1992-12	↑	sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Iraq Ba'ath land reform 1970 irq_baath_land_reform_1970	1970	↓↓↑	property rights↓product market competition↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism marxian marxist_leninist
Iraq Petroleum Company nationalisation 1972 irq_ipc_nationalisation_1972	1972-06	↓↑↑	property rights↓sectoral licensing↑spending level↑	developmentalism marxian marxist_leninist
Iraq Development Fund 2023 irq_iraq_development_fund_2023	2023	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑product market competition↑	—
Iraq oil-boom national development plan 1976-1980 irq_oil_boom_development_plan_1976_1980	1976	↑↑↓	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↓	developmentalism marxian marxist_leninist
Israeli Economic Stabilization Plan 1985 israel_1985_stabilization_plan	1985-07	↑↓	central bank independence↑spending level↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist new_keynesian developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Israel Bank Of Israel No Printing Law 1985 israel_bank_of_israel_no_printing_law_1985	1985	↓↑↓~	spending level↓central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓product market competition~	—
Israel Fiscal Consolidation 1985 israel_fiscal_consolidation_1985	1985	↓↑↓~	spending level↓central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓product market competition~	—
Israel Shekel Peg 1985 israel_shekel_peg_1985	1985	↓↑↓~	spending level↓central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓product market competition~	—
Israel Stabilisation Plan 1985 israel_stabilisation_plan_1985	1984	↓↓↑↓	spending level↓sectoral subsidy↓central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓	—
Israel Wage Price Freeze 1985 israel_wage_price_freeze_1985	1985	↓↑↓~	spending level↓central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓product market competition~	—
Italy Alitalia CAI restructuring (2009) it_alitalia_cai_restructuring_2009	2009-01	↓↑	product market competition↓sectoral subsidy↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal democratic_socialist institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Italy Bonus 80 euro monthly transfer it_bonus_80_euro_2014	2014-04	↑↑	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist social_democratic austrian classical_liberal developmentalism new_keynesian
Italy Renzi-Boschi constitutional referendum (rejected 2016) it_constitutional_referendum_2016_rejected	2016-12	—	rule of law—	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist social_democratic austrian classical_liberal developmentalism new_keynesian
Italy Cresci-Italia liberalisations (2012) it_cresci_italia_liberalisations_2012	2012-01	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Italy Decreto del Fare simplification (2013) it_decreto_del_fare_2013	2013-06	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓sectoral subsidy↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Italy Finanziaria 2007 (deficit 4.4%→1.5% GDP) it_finanziaria_2007_tightening	2006-12	↓↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Italy Fornero labour-market reform (Law 92/2012) it_fornero_labour_reform_2012	2012-06	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Italy Fornero pension reform (2011) it_fornero_pension_reform_2011	2011-12	↓↓	transfer expansion↓spending level↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Italy ICI primary-residence property-tax abolition (2008) it_ici_abolition_2008	2008-05	↓↑	tax progressivity↓spending level↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal democratic_socialist institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Italy IMU primary-residence abolition + TASI introduction it_imu_abolition_tasi_introduction_2013_2014	2013-08	↓—	tax progressivity↓spending level—	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Italy Jobs Act (Law 183/2014 + delegated decrees) it_jobs_act_2014_2015	2014-12	↑↑↑	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist social_democratic austrian classical_liberal developmentalism new_keynesian
Italy Bersani liberalisation decrees ('lenzuolate') it_lenzuolate_bersani_2006_2007	2006-07	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Italy 2011 austerity after ECB Trichet-Draghi letter it_manovra_2011_ecb_letter	2011-07	↓—	spending level↓tax progressivity—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal democratic_socialist institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Italy 2010 Manovra Estiva (€25bn consolidation) it_manovra_estiva_2010	2010-05	↓↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal democratic_socialist institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Italy Minniti Libya migration pact + NGO code of conduct it_minniti_libya_migration_2017	2017-02	↓↑	immigration openness↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist marxian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism new_keynesian ordoliberal chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Italy MPS precautionary recapitalisation (2017) it_mps_precautionary_recap_2017	2017-07	↓↑	financial deregulation↓spending level↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist marxian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism new_keynesian ordoliberal chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Italy Padoa-Schioppa tax-compliance drive (2007) it_padoa_schioppa_tax_compliance_2007	2006-07	↑↓	rule of law↑spending level↓	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Italy banche popolari reform + first BRRD bail-in (2015) it_popolari_banking_reform_2015	2015-01	↓↑	financial deregulation↓product market competition↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist social_democratic austrian classical_liberal developmentalism new_keynesian
Italy Rosatellum electoral law (L. 165/2017) it_rosatellum_electoral_law_2017	2017-11	—	rule of law—	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist marxian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism new_keynesian ordoliberal chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Italy Salva-Italia decree (€30bn Monti emergency, 2011) it_salva_italia_2011	2011-12	↓↓↑	spending level↓transfer expansion↓tax progressivity↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Italy TFR pension-fund reform (2007) it_tfr_pension_fund_reform_2007	2007-01	↑↑	transfer expansion↑financial deregulation↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Italy Tremonti-ter accelerated-depreciation incentive it_tremonti_ter_2009	2009-07	↓↑	tax corporate↓sectoral subsidy↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal democratic_socialist institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Italy Veneto banks resolution (Popolare Vicenza + Veneto Banca) it_veneto_banks_resolution_2017	2017-06	↓↑	financial deregulation↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist marxian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism new_keynesian ordoliberal chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Italy Youth Guarantee implementation it_youth_guarantee_implementation_2013	2014-05	↑—	sectoral subsidy↑labour market flexibility—	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Italy Accord Scotti — scala mobile partial reduction (January 1983) italy_accord_scotti_scala_mobile_1983	1983-01	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑monetary expansion direction↓	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Italy Acerbo Law 1923 italy_acerbo_law_1923	1923-11	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Italy IRI sale of Alfa Romeo to Fiat (November 1986) italy_alfa_romeo_sale_to_fiat_1986	1986-11	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	social_democratic institutionalism
Italy Alto Adige/Südtirol autonomy package (1981) italy_alto_adige_autonomy_1981	1972	↑	rule of law↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Italy Amato Budget adjustment September 1992 italy_amato_budget_adjustment_1992	1992-09	↓↑	spending level↓tax capital↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Italy Amato Irpef Reform 2000 italy_amato_irpef_reform_2000	1998	↑↓↑	product market competition↑tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist
Italy Amato pension reform 1992 (D.Lgs 503/1992) italy_amato_pension_reform_1992	1992-12	↓↓	transfer expansion↓spending level↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Italy bank extra-profits tax 2023 (Decreto Asset) italy_bank_extra_profits_tax_2023	2023-08	↑↓	tax corporate↑property rights↓	developmentalism ordoliberal austrian classical_liberal
Italy bank privatisations 1993-1994 italy_bank_privatisations_1993_1994	1993	↑↓	product market competition↑financial deregulation↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Italy banking law 1936 italy_banking_law_1936	1936-03	↑↑	financial deregulation↑sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Italy Bassanini Administrative Reform 1997 italy_bassanini_administrative_reform_1997	1996	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↑tax progressivity↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Italy Berlusconi I pension-reform attempt 1994 (withdrawn) italy_berlusconi_pension_reform_attempt_1994	1994	——	transfer expansion—labour market flexibility—	classical_liberal austrian
Biagi labour reform italy_biagi_labour_reform_2003	2003-09	↑	labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Bossi-Fini immigration law italy_bossi_fini_immigration_2002	2002-07	↓	immigration openness↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Italy 2024 Budget Law — fiscal convergence compression italy_budget_2024_fiscal_compression	2023-12	↓↓↓	spending level↓tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↓	developmentalism ordoliberal austrian classical_liberal
Italy Carta del Lavoro 1927 italy_carta_del_lavoro_1927	1927-04	↓↓	labour market flexibility↓rule of law↓	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Italy Cartabia civil and penal procedure reforms 2021 italy_cartabia_justice_reforms_2021	2021-09	↑↑↑	judicial independence↑rule of law↑product market competition↑	ordoliberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Italy Cassa Mezzogiorno 1950 italy_cassa_mezzogiorno_1950	1950	↑↓↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral licensing↓central bank independence↑sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal institutionalism austrian
Italy COVID emergency fiscal decrees (Cura Italia, Rilancio, Ristori) 2020-2021 italy_covid_emergency_fiscal_2020_2021	2020-03	↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	post_keynesian social_democratic austrian
Italy Daneo-Credaro school law 1911 italy_daneo_credaro_school_law_1911	1911-06	↑↑	spending level↑rule of law↑	institutionalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Italy Decreto Biondi 1994 (custodia cautelare reform attempt) italy_decreto_biondi_1994	1994-07	↓—	judicial independence↓rule of law—	classical_liberal austrian
Italy Decreto Dignità labour and gambling package 2018 italy_decreto_dignita_2018	2018-07	↓	labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian social_democratic austrian
Italy Decreto San Valentino — scala mobile suspension (February 1984) italy_decreto_san_valentino_scala_mobile_1984	1984-02	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑monetary expansion direction↓	social_democratic institutionalism
Italy Dini Pension Implementation 1996 1998 italy_dini_pension_implementation_1996_1998	1996	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↑tax progressivity↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Italy disinflation 1983-1987 italy_disinflation_1983_1987	1983	↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑	social_democratic institutionalism
Italy Eec Accession Rome Treaty 1957 italy_eec_accession_rome_treaty_1957	1950	↑↓↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral licensing↓central bank independence↑sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Italy Einaudi Stabilisation 1947 italy_einaudi_stabilisation_1947	1950	↑↓↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral licensing↓central bank independence↑sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Italy EMS entry (March 1979, ±6% band) italy_ems_entry_1979	1979-03	↑↑	central bank independence↑trade openness↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
ENEL partial privatisation IPO italy_enel_ipo_1999	1999-11	↑↓	product market competition↑spending level↓	empirical_pragmatist
Italy Eni Founding 1953 italy_eni_founding_1953	1950	↑↓↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral licensing↓central bank independence↑sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal institutionalism austrian
Italy Epu Membership 1950 italy_epu_membership_1950	1950	↑↓↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral licensing↓central bank independence↑sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Italy Euro Entry 1999 italy_euro_entry_1999	1999	↑——↑	central bank independence↑product market competition—labour market flexibility—spending level↑	austrian
Italy Euro Entry Qualification 1998 italy_euro_entry_qualification_1998	1996	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↑tax progressivity↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Eurotassa — one-off Europe tax italy_eurotassa_1996	1996-12	↓↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Italy flat-tax regime forfettario threshold extension 2023 italy_flat_tax_forfettario_extension_2023	2022-12	↓↓	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	developmentalism ordoliberal austrian classical_liberal
Italy INA and IMI privatisations 1994 italy_ina_imi_privatisations_1994	1994	↑	product market competition↑	classical_liberal austrian
Italy INA life-insurance monopoly 1912 italy_ina_life_insurance_monopoly_1912	1912-04	↑↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓	institutionalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Italy Iraq Participation 2003 italy_iraq_participation_2003	2001	↑↓↓↓	labour market flexibility↑immigration openness↓tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Italy IRI creation 1933 italy_iri_creation_1933	1933-01	↑↓↑	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓spending level↑	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Italy Iri State Holding Expansion 1945 1992 italy_iri_state_holding_expansion_1945_1992	1945	↑↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law↓	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist austrian
Italy Kosovo Participation 1999 italy_kosovo_participation_1999	1998	↑↓↑	product market competition↑tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist
Italy Labour Market Dualism Persistence 1990S 2010S italy_labour_market_dualism_persistence_1990s_2010s	1999	↑——↑	central bank independence↑product market competition—labour market flexibility—spending level↑	austrian
Italy Annual Competition Law 2022 (Legge annuale concorrenza) italy_legge_concorrenza_2022	2022-08	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	ordoliberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Italy lira ERM exit September 1992 italy_lira_erm_exit_1992	1992-09	↑	monetary expansion direction↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Italy Maroni Pension Reform 2004 italy_maroni_pension_reform_2004	2001	↑↓↓↓	labour market flexibility↑immigration openness↓tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Italy Mattarellum electoral reform 1993 italy_mattarellum_electoral_reform_1993	1993-08	↑	rule of law↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Italy Monti technocratic reforms 2011-2012 italy_monti_reforms_2011_2012	2011-12	↓↑↑	spending level↓labour market flexibility↑product market competition↑	—
Italy Pacchetto Tremonti 1994 — investment tax relief italy_pacchetto_tremonti_1994	1994-06	↓↑	tax corporate↓sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal austrian
Italy Parental Leave Law 53 2000 italy_parental_leave_law_53_2000	1998	↑↓↑	product market competition↑tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist
Italy pension-system indexation and public-sector payroll expansion (1985) italy_pension_indexation_1985	1983	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic institutionalism
Italy PNRR (Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza) 2021 italy_pnrr_2021	2021-07	↑↑↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑product market competition↑rule of law↑environmental stringency↑	ordoliberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist developmentalism austrian classical_liberal
Italy Product Market Regulation Persistence italy_product_market_regulation_persistence	1999	↑——↑	central bank independence↑product market competition—labour market flexibility—spending level↑	austrian
Italy Protocollo Ciampi — scala mobile abolition and concertazione italy_protocollo_ciampi_scala_mobile_1993	1993-07	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑monetary expansion direction↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Italy public-debt trajectory 1976-1983 (55% → 70% GDP) italy_public_debt_trajectory_1976_1983	1976	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Italy Public Sector Pension Expansion 1965 1992 italy_public_sector_pension_expansion_1965_1992	1945	↑↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law↓	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist austrian
Italy Quota 100 early-retirement pension exit 2019 italy_quota_100_pensions_2019	2019-01	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian social_democratic austrian
Italy Reddito di Cittadinanza abolition and replacement with ADI + SFL 2023 italy_rdc_abolition_adi_sfl_2023	2023-05	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	developmentalism ordoliberal austrian classical_liberal
Italy Reddito di Cittadinanza (citizenship income) 2019 italy_reddito_di_cittadinanza_2019	2019-01	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	post_keynesian social_democratic austrian
Italy Scala Mobile Indexation 1975 italy_scala_mobile_indexation_1975	1945	↑↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law↓	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist austrian
Italy scala mobile abrogative referendum (June 1985) italy_scala_mobile_referendum_1985	1985-06	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑rule of law↑	social_democratic institutionalism
Italy State Railways nationalisation 1905 italy_state_railways_1905	1905-04	↑↓↑	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓spending level↑	institutionalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Italy Superbonus 110% building-efficiency tax credit 2020 italy_superbonus_110_2020	2020-05	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑environmental stringency↑	post_keynesian social_democratic austrian ordoliberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Italy Superbonus 110% phase-out (DL 39/2024) italy_superbonus_phaseout_2024	2024-03	↓↓	sectoral subsidy↓spending level↓	developmentalism ordoliberal austrian classical_liberal
Italy Telecom Italia Ownership Defense 1999 italy_telecom_italia_ownership_defense_1999	1998	↑↓↑	product market competition↑tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist
Italy Treasury-Bank of Italy 'divorzio' (February 1981) italy_treasury_bankitalia_divorzio_1981	1981-02	↑↓	central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Italy Tremonti Tax Bonuses 2001 2003 italy_tremonti_tax_bonuses_2001_2003	2001	↑↓↓↓	labour market flexibility↑immigration openness↓tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Treu Law — first Italian labour flexibility reform italy_treu_law_labour_flexibility_1997	1997-06	↑	labour market flexibility↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Italy universal male suffrage 1912 italy_universal_male_suffrage_1912	1912-06	↑	rule of law↑	institutionalism classical_liberal social_democratic
Italy windfall tax on energy producers 2022 italy_windfall_tax_energy_2022	2022-03	↑↑	tax corporate↑transfer expansion↑	ordoliberal new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Abenomics — three arrows (2013) japan_abenomics_2013	2013-01	↑↑↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑spending level↑labour market flexibility↑trade openness↑	—
Japan Boj Window Guidance 1955 1975 japan_boj_window_guidance_1955_1975	1952	↑~↑↓	sectoral licensing↑trade openness~sectoral subsidy↑central bank independence↓	developmentalism institutionalism austrian
Japan Bojqqe 2013 japan_bojqqe_2013	2012	↑↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	new_keynesian mmt
Japan Corporate Governance Code 2015 japan_corporate_governance_code_2015	2012	↑↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	new_keynesian mmt
Japan Factory Act 1911 (effective 1916) japan_factory_act_1911_1916	1911	↓	labour market flexibility↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal
Japan Forex Control Law 1949 japan_forex_control_law_1949	1952	↑~↑↓	sectoral licensing↑trade openness~sectoral subsidy↑central bank independence↓	developmentalism institutionalism austrian
Japan Gatt Accession 1955 japan_gatt_accession_1955	1952	↑~↑↓	sectoral licensing↑trade openness~sectoral subsidy↑central bank independence↓	developmentalism institutionalism austrian
Japan gold-standard restoration 1930 japan_gold_standard_restoration_1930	1930	↓	monetary expansion direction↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal
Japan Health Insurance Act 1922 (effective 1927) japan_health_insurance_act_1922_1927	1922	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal
Japan Income Doubling Plan 1960 japan_income_doubling_plan_1960	1952	↑~↑↓	sectoral licensing↑trade openness~sectoral subsidy↑central bank independence↓	developmentalism institutionalism austrian
Japan Oecd Accession 1964 japan_oecd_accession_1964	1952	↑~↑↓	sectoral licensing↑trade openness~sectoral subsidy↑central bank independence↓	developmentalism institutionalism austrian
Japan Peace Preservation Law 1925 japan_peace_preservation_law_1925	1925	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal
Japan Railway Nationalization Act 1906 japan_railway_nationalisation_act_1906	1906	↑↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal
Japan Womenomics Initiative japan_womenomics_initiative	2012	↑↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	new_keynesian mmt
Japan Yield Curve Control 2016 japan_yield_curve_control_2016	2012	↑↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	new_keynesian mmt
Jordan Economic Modernisation Vision jordan_economic_modernisation_vision_2022	2022	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑environmental stringency↑	—
Jordan IMF Extended Fund Facility 2024 jordan_imf_eff_2024	2024-01	↓↓↑	spending level↓sectoral subsidy↓rule of law↑	—
Jordan Investment Environment Law No. 21 of 2022 jordan_investment_environment_law_2022	2023	↑↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑trade openness↑	—
Japan — '¥1.03m wall' basic-deduction reform (FY2025 tax package) jp_1_03m_wall_basic_deduction_reform_2025	2025-03	↑↑	tax progressivity↑labour market flexibility↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal new_keynesian classical_liberal austrian
Japan — 2050 net-zero pledge and 2030 -46% target (2020) jp_2050_carbon_neutral_pledge_2020	2020-10	↑—	environmental stringency↑energy supply security—	new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Aso Eco Car Eco Point Subsidy 2009 jp_aso_eco_car_eco_point_subsidy_2009	2007	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑monetary expansion direction↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Asō cabinet GFC-response supplementary budgets 2008-2009 jp_aso_supplementary_budgets_gfc_2008_2009	2009-05	↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Aso Teigaku Cash Handout 2009 jp_aso_teigaku_cash_handout_2009	2007	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑monetary expansion direction↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Japan-US auto voluntary export restraint (Japan 1981) jp_auto_voluntary_export_restraint_1981	1981-05	↓↑	trade openness↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism new_keynesian
Japanese Big Bang financial-system reform 1996-2001 jp_big_bang_financial_reform_1996	1996-11	↓↑↑	financial deregulation↓trade openness↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal austrian new_keynesian
BoJ bubble-era easing and abrupt tightening 1987-1991 jp_boj_bubble_easing_tightening_1987_1991	1987	↑↓	monetary expansion direction↑central bank independence↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Boj Gfc Rate Cuts Jgb Purchases 2008 2009 jp_boj_gfc_rate_cuts_jgb_purchases_2008_2009	2007	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑monetary expansion direction↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Bank of Japan Quantitative Easing (2001-2006) jp_boj_quantitative_easing_2001_2006	2001-03	↑	monetary expansion direction↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian austrian
Japan — BoJ January 2025 rate hike to 0.5% jp_boj_rate_hike_0_5_2025	2025-01	↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal new_keynesian classical_liberal austrian
Bank of Japan ZIRP exit and rate normalisation 2006-2007 jp_boj_rate_normalisation_2006_2007	2006-07	↓	monetary expansion direction↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Japan — BoJ exit from NIRP and YCC (March 2024) jp_boj_ycc_exit_2024	2024-03	↓—	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence—	new_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal austrian
Japan Central Government Reorganisation Reform 2001 jp_central_government_reform_2001	2001-01	↑—	rule of law↑product market competition—	new_keynesian post_keynesian austrian classical_liberal
Japan Consumption Tax 3% Introduction 1989 jp_consumption_tax_3pct_1989	1989-04	↓	tax progressivity↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Japan consumption tax hike to 5% — 1994 legislation jp_consumption_tax_5pct_legislation_1994	1994-11	↓	tax progressivity↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Japan consumption tax hike from 3% to 5% (1997) jp_consumption_tax_hike_1997	1997-04	↓↓	tax progressivity↓spending level↓	classical_liberal austrian new_keynesian
Japan — three documents and defence build-up to 2% GDP (2022) jp_defence_build_up_plan_2022	2022-12	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	new_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal austrian
Japan Defence Agency to Ministry upgrade 2007 jp_defence_ministry_upgrade_2007	2007-01	—	rule of law—	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Japan — Digital Agency establishment (Dejitaru-chō, 2021) jp_digital_agency_2021	2021-09	↑↑	rule of law↑spending level↑	new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
DPJ child allowance kodomo teate 2010 jp_dpj_child_allowance_2010	2010-04	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Dpj Farmer Income Compensation 2010 jp_dpj_farmer_income_compensation_2010	2009	↑↑——	transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law—trade openness—	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Dpj High School Tuition Free 2010 jp_dpj_high_school_tuition_free_2010	2009	↑↑——	transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law—trade openness—	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Dpj Shiwake Budget Screening 2009 jp_dpj_shiwake_budget_screening_2009	2009	↑↑——	transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law—trade openness—	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Japan e-Japan Strategy 2001 jp_e_japan_strategy_2001	2001-01	↑↑	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian austrian classical_liberal
Japan — Economic Security Promotion Act and chip-sector subsidies (2022) jp_economic_security_act_2022	2022-05	↑↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑trade openness↓	new_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal austrian
Japan expressway-corporation privatisation (2005) jp_expressway_privatisation_2005	2005-10	↑↓	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian austrian
Japan Financial Revitalisation Act 1998 jp_financial_revitalisation_act_1998	1998-10	↓↑	financial deregulation↓sectoral subsidy↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian austrian classical_liberal
Japan ¥30tn financial-stabilisation package (February 1998) jp_financial_stabilisation_package_1998	1998-02	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑financial deregulation↓	classical_liberal austrian new_keynesian
Japan Fiscal Structural Reform Act 1997 jp_fiscal_structural_reform_act_1997	1997-11	↓	spending level↓	classical_liberal austrian new_keynesian
Fukuda 'locomotive theory' fiscal stimulus (Japan 1977) jp_fukuda_locomotive_stimulus_1977	1977-05	↑↑	spending level↑monetary expansion direction↑	developmentalism new_keynesian
Fundamental Education Law Revision 2006 jp_fundamental_education_law_revision_2006	2006	↓↑——	monetary expansion direction↓trade openness↑rule of law—spending level—	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Japan — FY2025 general-account budget (first LDP minority passage since 2009) jp_fy2025_minority_budget_2025	2025-03	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal new_keynesian classical_liberal austrian
Japan FY2026 first supplementary budget energy-price reserve jp_fy2026_energy_price_reserve_supplement_2026	2026-06	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↑	developmentalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Japan FY2026 tuition-free education and school-lunch expansion jp_fy2026_free_education_lunch_expansion_2026	2025-12	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Japan FY2026 initial budget strategic-investment package jp_fy2026_initial_budget_strategic_investment_2026	2025-12	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↑	developmentalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Japan — Green Growth Strategy and Green Innovation Fund (2020) jp_green_growth_strategy_2020	2020-12	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency↑	new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Japan Gulf War financial contribution 1991 jp_gulf_war_contribution_1991	1990	↑	spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Japan — GX Green Transformation framework and GX Transition Bonds (2023-2024) jp_gx_green_transformation_2023	2023-05	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency↑energy supply security↑	new_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal austrian
Japan Hosokawa comprehensive economic package Feb 1994 jp_hosokawa_stimulus_package_1994	1994-02	↑	spending level↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Japan Iraq Special Measures Law 2003 jp_iraq_special_measures_law_2003	2003-07	—↑	rule of law—spending level↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian austrian
Japan Indonesia Epa 2007 jp_japan_indonesia_epa_2007	2006	↓↑——	monetary expansion direction↓trade openness↑rule of law—spending level—	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Japanese National Railways breakup and privatisation (Japan 1987) jp_jnr_privatisation_1987	1987-04	↑↓↑	product market competition↑spending level↓labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Japan Tobacco privatisation (Japan 1985) jp_jt_privatisation_1985	1985-04	↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Japan jusen housing-loan companies bailout 1996 jp_jusen_bailout_1996	1996-06	↓↑	financial deregulation↓spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Kan Consumption Tax 10Pct Pledge 2010 jp_kan_consumption_tax_10pct_pledge_2010	2010	↑↓↑↑	environmental stringency↑energy supply security↓spending level↑trade openness↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Japan Feed-in Tariff (FIT) law for renewable electricity 2011 jp_kan_fit_renewable_law_2011	2011-08	↑↑↓	environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↓	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Kan New Growth Strategy 2010 jp_kan_new_growth_strategy_2010	2010	↑↓↑↑	environmental stringency↑energy supply security↓spending level↑trade openness↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Kan Tohoku Reconstruction Supplementary Budgets 2011 jp_kan_tohoku_reconstruction_supplementary_budgets_2011	2010	↑↓↑↑	environmental stringency↑energy supply security↓spending level↑trade openness↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Kan Tpp Interest Declaration 2010 jp_kan_tpp_interest_declaration_2010	2010	↑↓↑↑	environmental stringency↑energy supply security↓spending level↑trade openness↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Japan Great Hanshin earthquake reconstruction budget 1995 jp_kobe_reconstruction_budget_1995	1995-02	↑↑	spending level↑rule of law↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Japan — LDP slush-fund scandal response and faction dissolution (2024) jp_ldp_slush_fund_purge_2024	2024-01	↑	rule of law↑	new_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal austrian
Maekawa Report on Economic Structural Adjustment (Japan 1986) jp_maekawa_report_1986	1986-04	↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Japan — mobile-carrier price reform (2020-2021) jp_mobile_carrier_price_reform_2020	2020-10	↑—	product market competition↑sectoral licensing—	new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Murayama Statement on wartime aggression 1995 jp_murayama_statement_1995	1995-08	↑	rule of law↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Revised Bank of Japan Act 1998 jp_new_boj_law_1998	1998-04	↑	central bank independence↑	classical_liberal austrian new_keynesian
Japan — NISA permanent tax-free investment account reform (2024) jp_nisa_reform_2024	2024-01	↓	tax capital↓	new_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal austrian
Japan Social Security and Tax Integrated Reform — consumption tax 5→8→10% 2012 jp_noda_consumption_tax_8_10_law_2012	2012-08	↓↑	tax progressivity↓spending level↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian
Noda Oi Reactor Restart 2012 jp_noda_oi_reactor_restart_2012	2011	↑↓↓↑	spending level↑tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓trade openness↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian
Noda Senkaku Nationalisation 2012 jp_noda_senkaku_nationalisation_2012	2011	↑↓↓↑	spending level↑tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓trade openness↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian
Noda Tpp Negotiation Entry 2011 jp_noda_tpp_negotiation_entry_2011	2011	↑↓↓↑	spending level↑tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓trade openness↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian
NTT privatisation (Japan 1985) jp_ntt_privatisation_1985	1985-04	↑↑↓	product market competition↑property rights↑spending level↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Obuchi-era supplementary stimulus packages 1998-1999 jp_obuchi_stimulus_packages_1998_1999	1998-11	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian austrian classical_liberal
Ohira 5% general consumption tax attempt (Japan 1979) jp_ohira_general_consumption_tax_attempt_1979	1979	↓—	tax progressivity↓spending level—	developmentalism new_keynesian
Plaza Accord (Japan 1985) jp_plaza_accord_1985	1985-09	↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑trade openness↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Japan Political Reform Four Laws 1994 jp_political_reform_act_1994	1994-01	↑	rule of law↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Japan Postal Privatisation Act 2005 jp_postal_privatisation_2005	2005-10	↑↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian austrian
Japan — Regional Revitalisation 2.0 framework (2024) jp_regional_revitalisation_2_0_2024	2024-12	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal new_keynesian classical_liberal austrian
Structural Impediments Initiative concessions 1990 jp_sii_structural_impediments_1990	1990-06	↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Social Security Tax Integrated Reform 2012 jp_social_security_tax_integrated_reform_2012	2011	↑↓↓↑	spending level↑tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓trade openness↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian
Doko Rincho Second Provisional Commission on Administrative Reform (Japan 1981) jp_suzuki_doko_rincho_admin_reform_1981	1981-03	↓↑	spending level↓product market competition↑	developmentalism new_keynesian
Japan Takaichi economic-security screening and strategic-field roadmap jp_takaichi_economic_security_screening_2026	2026-02	↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓	developmentalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Japan FY2026 social-security cost-sharing and financial-income contribution reform jp_takaichi_social_security_cost_sharing_2026	2025-12	~↑↑	transfer expansion~tax capital↑spending level↑	developmentalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Takenaka Plan / Program for Financial Revival (2002) jp_takenaka_plan_2002	2002-10	↓↑	financial deregulation↓rule of law↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian austrian
Telecommunications Business Law (Japan 1984) jp_telecom_business_law_1984	1985-04	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Japan 'Trinity Reform' of local finance (2003-2006) jp_trinity_reform_local_finance_2003	2003-06	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian austrian
Japan Uruguay Round partial rice-market opening 1993 jp_uruguay_rice_opening_1993	1993-12	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Japan — response to US reciprocal tariffs and July-August 2025 trade understanding jp_us_tariff_response_2025	2025-07	↓↑	trade openness↓sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal new_keynesian classical_liberal austrian
Bank of Japan Zero Interest Rate Policy (1999) jp_zero_interest_rate_policy_1999	1999-02	↑	monetary expansion direction↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian austrian classical_liberal
Adani JKIA and Ketraco deal cancellations (Sep-Nov 2024) ke_adani_jkia_cancellation_2024	2024-11	—↓—	product market competition—property rights↓spending level—	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Affordable Housing Levy and Affordable Housing Act (2023-2024) ke_affordable_housing_levy_2023	2024-03	↓↑↑	tax progressivity↓sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Anglo Leasing fictitious-contracts scandal ke_anglo_leasing_scandal_2004	2004	↓	rule of law↓	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian classical_liberal ordoliberal
Big Four Agenda (Dec 2017) ke_big_four_agenda_2017	2017-12	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Broad-based government cabinet reshuffle (Jul-Aug 2024) ke_broad_based_government_2024	2024-07	——	rule of law—spending level—	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Constitution of Kenya 2010 ke_constitution_of_kenya_2010	2010-08	↑↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑property rights↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Kenya 2005 constitutional referendum ('Wako Draft') ke_constitutional_referendum_2005	2005-11	—	rule of law—	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian classical_liberal ordoliberal
East African Community Customs Union entry into force ke_eac_customs_union_2005	2005-01	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian classical_liberal ordoliberal
Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation ke_economic_recovery_strategy_2003	2003-06	↓↑	spending level↓product market competition↑	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian classical_liberal ordoliberal
Excise Duty Act 2015 (Kenya) ke_excise_duty_act_2015	2015-11	↓↑	tax progressivity↓spending level↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Finance Act 2023 (Kenya) ke_finance_act_2023	2023-06	↑↑↑	tax progressivity↑spending level↑tax capital↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Finance Bill 2024 withdrawal after Gen-Z protests ke_finance_bill_2024_withdrawal	2024-06	↓↑↓	spending level↓tax progressivity↑rule of law↓	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Kenya Free Primary Education policy ke_free_primary_education_2003	2003-01	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian classical_liberal ordoliberal
Kenya Goldenberg scandal 1991-1993 ke_goldenberg_scandal_1991_1993	1991	↓↑	rule of law↓spending level↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal marxian marxist_leninist developmentalism social_democratic eco_socialist post_keynesian
Kenyatta-Odinga Handshake and Building Bridges Initiative (2018-2021) ke_handshake_bbi_2018	2018-03	↑↑	judicial independence↑rule of law↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
IMF EFF/ECF programme (Apr 2021 - 2025) ke_imf_eff_ecf_2021	2021-04	↓↑↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↑central bank independence↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Kenya IMF-World Bank Structural Adjustment Loans 1980s ke_imf_sap_1980s	1980	↑↓	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal marxian marxist_leninist developmentalism social_democratic eco_socialist post_keynesian
M-Pesa scaling and CBK regulatory accommodation ke_mpesa_scaling_regulation_2008_2013	2008	↑↑	financial deregulation↑product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Kenya multiparty restoration 1991 ke_multiparty_restoration_1991	1991-12	↑	rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal marxian marxist_leninist developmentalism social_democratic eco_socialist post_keynesian
Kenya National Accord and Reconciliation Act ke_national_accord_2008	2008-02	↑	rule of law↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Kenya Nyayo Tea Zones Development Corporation 1986 ke_nyayo_tea_zones_1986	1986	↑	sectoral subsidy↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal marxian marxist_leninist developmentalism social_democratic eco_socialist post_keynesian
Kenya Section 2A constitutional amendment (one-party) 1982 ke_section_2a_one_party_amendment_1982	1982-06	↓	rule of law↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal marxian marxist_leninist developmentalism social_democratic eco_socialist post_keynesian
Standard Gauge Railway Phase 1 Mombasa-Nairobi (opened May 2017) ke_sgr_phase1_2017	2017-05	↑↑↓	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↓	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Kenya Vision 2030 launch ke_vision_2030_launch_2008	2008	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Kenya 2010 Constitution Devolution kenya_2010_constitution_devolution	2002	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑central bank independence↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Kenya Cbk Price Stability Mandate kenya_cbk_price_stability_mandate	2002	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑central bank independence↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Kenya Free Primary Education 2003 kenya_free_primary_education_2003	2002	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑central bank independence↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Kenya Mpesa Regulatory Accommodation 2007 kenya_mpesa_regulatory_accommodation_2007	2002	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑central bank independence↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Kenya Vision 2030 Plan 2008 kenya_vision_2030_plan_2008	2002	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑central bank independence↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Agricultural Collectivisation and Communes khm_collectivisation_communes_1975	1975	↓↓↑	property rights↓product market competition↓spending level↑	marxist_leninist marxian classical_liberal market_socialist
Abolition of Money, Markets, and Private Commerce khm_money_market_abolition_1975	1975	↓↓↓	product market competition↓property rights↓central bank independence↓	marxist_leninist marxian classical_liberal market_socialist
Forced Urban Evacuation and Rural Labour Reallocation khm_urban_evacuation_1975	1975	↓↓↓	labour market flexibility↓product market competition↓rule of law↓	marxist_leninist marxian classical_liberal market_socialist
Korea Directed Credit 1962 1979 korea_directed_credit_1962_1979	1961	↑↑~↓	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness~rule of law↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Korea Export Subsidy Regime 1965 1979 korea_export_subsidy_regime_1965_1979	1961	↑↑~↓	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness~rule of law↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Korea Hcidrive 1973 korea_hcidrive_1973	1961	↑↑~↓	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness~rule of law↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
South Korea IMF Programme + structural reforms 1997-1998 korea_imf_reforms_1998	1997-12	↑↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal social_democratic new_keynesian developmentalism
Korea Land Reform 1949 1961 korea_land_reform_1949_1961	1961	↑↑~↓	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness~rule of law↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Heavy and Chemical Industrialisation (HCI) drive — South Korea 1973-1979 korea_park_hci_1973	1973-01	↑↓↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
South Korea 2026 economic growth strategy and AI-first industrial package kr_2026_economic_growth_strategy_ai_2025	2025-12	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑product market competition↑	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
52-hour maximum work week (South Korea, 2018) kr_52_hour_work_week_2018	2018-02	↓	labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism
South Korea capital-account liberalisation 1993-1997 kr_capital_account_liberalisation_1993_1997	1993	↑	financial deregulation↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Korea chaebol reform — Five Plus Three Principles (1998) kr_chaebol_reform_five_plus_three_1998	1998-01	↑↑↓	product market competition↑property rights↑financial deregulation↓	classical_liberal social_democratic new_keynesian developmentalism
Chaebol heavy-industry restructuring (South Korea 1980) kr_chaebol_restructuring_1980	1980	↑↑	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Chun price stabilisation programme (South Korea 1981) kr_chun_price_stabilisation_1981	1981	↓↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓spending level↓labour market flexibility↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Commercial bank denationalisation (South Korea 1981) kr_commercial_bank_denationalisation_1981	1981	↑↑	financial deregulation↑property rights↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Lee commercial-code fiduciary-duty reform (South Korea, 2025) kr_commercial_code_fiduciary_reform_2025	2025-07	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Korea Comprehensive Real Estate Holding Tax (Jonghap Budongsan-se, 2005) kr_comprehensive_property_tax_2005	2005-08	↑↑	tax capital↑tax progressivity↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Yoon corporate-tax rate cut 2023 (South Korea) kr_corporate_tax_cut_2023	2022-12	↓	tax corporate↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism social_democratic
Lee corporate-tax restoration and capital-tax easing (South Korea, 2025) kr_corporate_tax_restoration_2025	2025-12	↑↓	tax corporate↑tax capital↓	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Cyber-Korea 21 broadband-infrastructure programme (1999) kr_cyber_korea_21_broadband_1999	1999-03	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal social_democratic new_keynesian developmentalism
Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act (South Korea 1980) kr_fair_trade_law_1980	1980-12	↑	product market competition↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Four Major Rivers Restoration 2009 2012 kr_four_major_rivers_restoration_2009_2012	2008	↓↓↑↑	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓spending level↑environmental stringency↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Korea IMF programme conditions and implementation (1997-2000) kr_imf_programme_conditions_1998	1997-12	↑↓↓↓	trade openness↑monetary expansion direction↓financial deregulation↓spending level↓	classical_liberal social_democratic new_keynesian developmentalism
South Korea IMF Standby Arrangement December 1997 kr_imf_standby_1997	1997-12	↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑labour market flexibility↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Yoon inheritance-tax reform attempt 2024 (South Korea) kr_inheritance_tax_reform_attempt_2024	2024-07	↓	tax capital↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism social_democratic
Moon-Kim inter-Korean engagement (South Korea, 2018-2019) kr_inter_korean_engagement_2018_2019	2018-04	—	rule of law—	post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism
Second inter-Korean summit and 10.4 Declaration (2007) kr_inter_korean_summit_october_2007	2007-10	↑—	trade openness↑rule of law—	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Korea Iraq Zaytun Division dispatch (2004-2008) kr_iraq_zaytun_dispatch_2004	2004-02	↑↑	spending level↑trade openness↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
June 29 Declaration — democratic transition (South Korea 1987) kr_june_29_declaration_1987	1987-06	↑↑↓	rule of law↑judicial independence↑labour market flexibility↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Korean New Deal and COVID fiscal response (South Korea, 2020) kr_korean_new_deal_covid_2020	2020-07	↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑environmental stringency↑	post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism
KORUS Free Trade Agreement signing (2007) kr_korus_fta_signing_2007	2007-06	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
South Korea Labour Standards Act revision 1996 kr_labour_law_reform_1996	1996-12	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑rule of law↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Lee Corporate Tax Cut 2008 2009 kr_lee_corporate_tax_cut_2008_2009	2008	↓↓↑↑	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓spending level↑environmental stringency↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Korea Low-Carbon Green Growth Basic Act 2010 kr_lee_green_growth_basic_act_2010	2010-01	↑	environmental stringency↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Korea-US FTA ratification under Lee Myung-bak 2011 kr_lee_korus_fta_ratification_2011	2011-11	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Lee May 24 Measures 2010 kr_lee_may_24_measures_2010	2008	↓↓↑↑	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓spending level↑environmental stringency↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Lee first supplementary budget / livelihood-recovery package 2025 (South Korea) kr_livelihood_recovery_supplementary_budget_2025	2025-07	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
December 3 2024 martial-law declaration and aftermath (South Korea) kr_martial_law_declaration_december_2024	2024-12	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism social_democratic
Moon-era minimum-wage escalation 2018-2019 (South Korea) kr_minimum_wage_hikes_2018_2019	2017-07	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑	post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism
Korea National Basic Livelihood Security Act (1999) kr_national_basic_livelihood_security_act_1999	1999-09	↑↑	transfer expansion↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal social_democratic new_keynesian developmentalism
Korea National Health Insurance unification (2000) kr_national_health_insurance_unification_2000	2000-07	↑↓	transfer expansion↑sectoral licensing↓	classical_liberal social_democratic new_keynesian developmentalism
South Korea Nordpolitik opening to USSR/China/DPRK 1988-1992 kr_nordpolitik_1988_1992	1988	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Moon-era nuclear phase-out posture (South Korea, 2017-2022) kr_nuclear_phaseout_posture_2017_2022	2017-06	↓↑	energy supply security↓environmental stringency↑	post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism
Yoon nuclear restoration programme (South Korea, 2022-2024) kr_nuclear_restoration_2022_2024	2023-01	↑—	energy supply security↑environmental stringency—	chicago_monetarism developmentalism social_democratic
South Korea OECD accession 1996 kr_oecd_accession_1996	1996-12	↑↑	financial deregulation↑trade openness↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Choinomics fiscal stimulus + LTV/DTI deregulation 2014-2015 kr_park_choinomics_stimulus_ltv_dti_2014_2015	2014-08	↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑spending level↑monetary expansion direction↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Park Creative Economy Centres 2014 kr_park_creative_economy_centres_2014	2013	↑↑↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑spending level↑financial deregulation↑sectoral subsidy↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Japan-Korea 'comfort women' final-and-irreversible agreement 2015 kr_park_japan_comfort_women_agreement_2015	2015-12	—	rule of law—	new_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Park Public Sector Performance Wage 2016 kr_park_public_sector_performance_wage_2016	2013	↑↑↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑spending level↑financial deregulation↑sectoral subsidy↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Park Thaad Deployment 2016 kr_park_thaad_deployment_2016	2013	↑↑↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑spending level↑financial deregulation↑sectoral subsidy↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Moon-era real-estate tightening packages (South Korea, 2017-2021) kr_property_tightening_packages_2017_2021	2017-08	↑↓	tax capital↑product market competition↓	post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism
Lee prosecution-service reform revival (South Korea, 2025) kr_prosecution_reform_2025	2025-09	—↑	judicial independence—rule of law↑	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Yoon real-estate deregulation packages (South Korea, 2022-2024) kr_real_estate_deregulation_2022_2024	2022-12	↓↑	tax capital↓product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism developmentalism social_democratic
South Korea real-name financial transaction system 1993 kr_real_name_financial_1993	1993-08	↑↑	rule of law↑financial deregulation↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Roh Moo-hyun impeachment and Constitutional Court reinstatement (2004) kr_roh_impeachment_and_reinstatement_2004	2004-05	↑↑	judicial independence↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Sejong administrative capital relocation plan (2005) kr_sejong_relocation_plan_2005	2005-03	↑—	spending level↑rule of law—	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
1988 Seoul Olympics preparation (South Korea) kr_seoul_olympics_preparation_1981_1988	1981-09	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Sunshine Policy and inter-Korean summit (2000) kr_sunshine_policy_inter_korean_summit_2000	2000-06	↑—	trade openness↑rule of law—	classical_liberal social_democratic new_keynesian developmentalism
South Korea three-party merger — Democratic Liberal Party 1990 kr_three_party_merger_dlp_1990	1990-01	↑	rule of law↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
South Korea Two Million Housing Units construction plan 1988-1992 kr_two_million_housing_1988	1988	↑↑	spending level↑property rights↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Lee youth-dividend and basic-income pilot scale-up (South Korea, 2025) kr_universal_basic_income_youth_dividend_2025	2025-07	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
South Korea post-1987 labour liberalisation and wage surge kr_wage_labour_liberalisation_post_1987	1987	↓	labour market flexibility↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Yoon-Biden Washington Declaration and Camp David trilateral (2023) kr_yoon_biden_washington_declaration_2023	2023-04	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism developmentalism social_democratic
Kuwait Constitution and National Assembly 1962 kwt_constitution_parliament_1962	1962-11	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	social_democratic developmentalism institutionalism
Kuwait Future Generations Fund 1976 kwt_general_reserve_future_generations_funds_1976	1976	↓↑	spending level↓property rights↑	social_democratic developmentalism institutionalism
Kuwait National Assembly suspension and constitutional-article freeze 2024 kwt_parliament_suspension_constitution_articles_2024	2024-05	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	social_democratic developmentalism institutionalism
Kuwait citizen public employment and welfare distribution compact kwt_public_employment_welfare_distribution_1960s_present	1961	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic developmentalism institutionalism
Kazakhstan mass privatisation 1993-1998 kz_mass_privatization_1993_1998	1993	~↑	property rights~product market competition↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Kazakhstan National Fund oil-revenue rule 2000 kz_national_fund_2000	2000	~↑	spending level~central bank independence↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Kazakhstan Tengiz oil opening 1993 kz_tengiz_oil_opening_1993	1993	↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Agricultural Collectivisation Campaign lao_agricultural_collectivisation_1978	1978	↓↓↓	property rights↓product market competition↓labour market flexibility↓	marxist_leninist marxian developmentalism
Bank, Trade, and Enterprise Nationalisation lao_bank_trade_nationalisation_1975	1975	↓↓↓	property rights↓product market competition↓trade openness↓	marxist_leninist marxian developmentalism
First Five-Year Plan and Socialist State Investment lao_first_five_year_plan_1981	1981	↑↓↓	spending level↑product market competition↓central bank independence↓	marxist_leninist marxian developmentalism
Lebanon Banque du Liban recapitalisation and governance reset (2025) lb_bdl_recapitalisation_2025	2025	↑↑↑	central bank independence↑financial deregulation↑rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal classical_liberal
Lebanon deposit-restitution and bank-loss allocation framework (2025) lb_deposit_restitution_framework_2025	2025	↑↑↑	property rights↑financial deregulation↑rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal classical_liberal
Lebanon IMF-aligned macroeconomic reform programme (2025) lb_imf_program_2025	2025	↓↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal classical_liberal
Lebanon UNSC Resolution 1701 implementation and state-authority extension (2025) lb_unsc_1701_implementation_2025	2025	↑↑	rule of law↑property rights↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal classical_liberal
Lebanon banking-secrecy amendments 2025 lbn_banking_secrecy_amendments_2025	2025	↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑rule of law↑property rights↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal classical_liberal
Libya Central Bank reunification process 2023 lby_central_bank_reunification_2023	2023	↑↑↑	central bank independence↑financial deregulation↑rule of law↑	—
Libya exchange-rate unification and devaluation 2021 lby_exchange_rate_unification_2021	2021	↑~↑	product market competition↑monetary expansion direction~rule of law↑	—
Libyan Political Agreement and Government of National Accord 2015 lby_libyan_political_agreement_gna_2015	2015-12	↑—	rule of law↑judicial independence—	—
Lebanon Bdl Financial Engineering 2016 lebanon_bdl_financial_engineering_2016	1992	↓↑~↓	central bank independence↓spending level↑financial deregulation~rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism institutionalism
Lebanon Default March 2020 lebanon_default_march_2020	1992	↓↑~↓	central bank independence↓spending level↑financial deregulation~rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism institutionalism
Lebanon Edl Subsidy 1992 2020 lebanon_edl_subsidy_1992_2020	1992	↓↑~↓	central bank independence↓spending level↑financial deregulation~rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism institutionalism
Lebanon Lbp Peg 1997 lebanon_lbp_peg_1997	1992	↓↑~↓	central bank independence↓spending level↑financial deregulation~rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism institutionalism
Lebanon Solidere 1994 lebanon_solidere_1994	1992	↓↑~↓	central bank independence↓spending level↑financial deregulation~rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism institutionalism
Lebanon Sovereign Debt Accumulation 1992 2019 lebanon_sovereign_debt_accumulation_1992_2019	1992	↓↑~↓	central bank independence↓spending level↑financial deregulation~rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism institutionalism
Central Bank of Sri Lanka Act No. 16 of 2023 lk_cbsl_act_2023	2023-09	↑↑	central bank independence↑rule of law↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal social_democratic
IMF Extended Fund Facility — Sri Lanka $2.9bn (2023) lk_imf_eff_2023	2023-03	↓↑↑↑↓	spending level↓tax progressivity↑central bank independence↑product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	democratic_socialist social_democratic new_keynesian classical_liberal
NPP 99-point anti-corruption + governance platform (Sri Lanka 2024) lk_npp_anti_corruption_platform_2024	2024-11	↑↑↑	rule of law↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑	democratic_socialist social_democratic new_keynesian
Overnight synthetic-fertiliser import ban / organic farming mandate (Sri Lanka 2021) lk_organic_farming_mandate_2021	2021-05	↓↓↑	trade openness↓sectoral licensing↓sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Gotabaya Rajapaksa tax cut package (Sri Lanka 2019) lk_rajapaksa_tax_cuts_2019	2019-12	↓↓↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓spending level↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
State-Owned Enterprise restructuring framework (Sri Lanka 2023-2024) lk_soe_reform_act_2024	2023	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	democratic_socialist social_democratic new_keynesian classical_liberal
Sri Lanka pre-emptive external-debt default (April 2022) lk_sovereign_default_2022	2022-04	↓↓	property rights↓central bank independence↓	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism new_keynesian social_democratic
Liberia ARREST Agenda for Inclusive Development 2025-2029 lr_arrest_agenda_inclusive_development_2025_2029	2025	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↑	—
Liberia IMF Extended Credit Facility 2024 lr_imf_ecf_2024	2024-09	↓↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑rule of law↑	—
Liberia war and economic crimes court office 2024 lr_war_economic_crimes_court_office_2024	2024-05	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	—
Lesotho financial inclusion strategy II 2024 lso_financial_inclusion_strategy_ii_2024	2024	↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑product market competition↑rule of law↑	—
Lesotho FY2024/25 SACU fiscal consolidation budget lso_fy2024_25_sacu_fiscal_consolidation_budget	2024	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	—
Lesotho Highlands Water Project Phase II implementation 2023 lso_highlands_water_project_phase_ii_2023	2023	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↑	—
Lithuania Defence Fund tax package 2025 lt_defence_fund_tax_package_2025	2025	↑↑~	tax corporate↑spending level↑tax progressivity~	—
Lithuania euro adoption 2015 lt_euro_adoption_2015	2015-01	—↑	central bank independence—trade openness↑	—
Lithuania second-pillar pension reform 2026 lt_second_pillar_pension_reform_2026	2026	↓↑~	financial deregulation↓property rights↑transfer expansion~	—
Lithuania conscription-system reform 2024 lt_universal_conscription_reform_2024	2024	↑↓↑	spending level↑labour market flexibility↓rule of law↑	—
Luxembourg climate law and carbon tax 2020-2021 lux_climate_law_carbon_tax_2020	2020-12	↑↑↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↑	—
Luxembourg nationwide free public transport 2020 lux_free_public_transport_2020	2020-03	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑environmental stringency↑	—
Latvia energy-resource price support law 2022 lv_energy_price_support_law_2022	2022	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑price control intensity↑energy supply security↑	—
Latvia euro adoption 2014 lv_euro_adoption_2014	2014-01	—↑	central bank independence—trade openness↑	—
Latvia Istanbul Convention ratification 2024 lv_istanbul_convention_ratification_2024	2024	↑↑	rule of law↑spending level↑	—
Latvia State Defence Service Law 2023 lv_state_defence_service_2023	2023	↑↓↑	spending level↑labour market flexibility↓rule of law↑	—
Maastricht Treaty 1992 maastricht_treaty_1992	1992	↑↓	central bank independence↑spending level↓	ordoliberal chicago_monetarism
Malaysia Bumiputera Equity Target Nep malaysia_bumiputera_equity_target_nep	1981	↑~↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness~financial deregulation↓sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism marxian chicago_monetarism
Malaysia Capital Controls 1998 malaysia_capital_controls_1998	1981	↑~↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness~financial deregulation↓sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism marxian chicago_monetarism
Malaysia Hicom Heavy Industry 1981 malaysia_hicom_heavy_industry_1981	1981	↑~↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness~financial deregulation↓sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism marxian chicago_monetarism
Malaysia Look East Policy 1981 malaysia_look_east_policy_1981	1981	↑~↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness~financial deregulation↓sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism marxian chicago_monetarism
Malaysia Privatisation Masterplan 1991 malaysia_privatisation_masterplan_1991	1981	↑~↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness~financial deregulation↓sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism marxian chicago_monetarism
Morocco administrative and agrarian consolidation after independence mar_administrative_agrarian_consolidation_1956_1969	1956	~~↑	rule of law~property rights~spending level↑	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal
Morocco dam and irrigated-agriculture strategy mar_irrigation_dam_agriculture_strategy_1967_1990	1967	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑energy supply security↑	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal
Morocco Moroccanisation law 1973 mar_moroccanisation_1973	1973-03	↓↓↓	property rights↓product market competition↓trade openness↓	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal
Morocco social-protection generalisation framework 2021 mar_social_protection_generalisation_framework_2021	2021	↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law↑	—
Madagascar automatic fuel price adjustment mechanism 2024 mdg_automatic_fuel_price_adjustment_2024	2024	↓↓↑	price control intensity↓sectoral subsidy↓energy supply security↑	—
Madagascar environmental and social impact assessment decree 2024 mdg_environmental_social_impact_assessment_decree_2024	2024	↑↑	environmental stringency↑rule of law↑	—
Madagascar IMF ECF and RSF arrangements 2024 mdg_imf_ecf_rsf_2024	2024-06	↓↑↑	spending level↓rule of law↑environmental stringency↑	—
Mexico Article 27 Ejido Reform 1992 mexico_article_27_ejido_reform_1992	1988	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑property rights↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Mexico Article 27 Reform 1992 mexico_article_27_reform_1992	1988	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑property rights↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Mexico Bank Reprivatisation 1991 1992 mexico_bank_reprivatisation_1991_1992	1988	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑property rights↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Mexico Banxico Autonomy 1993 mexico_banxico_autonomy_1993	1988	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑property rights↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Mexico Banxico Autonomy 1994 mexico_banxico_autonomy_1994	1988	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑property rights↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Mexico Brady Plan 1989 mexico_brady_plan_1989	1988	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑property rights↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
North American Free Trade Agreement — Mexican entry 1994 mexico_nafta_1994	1994-01	↑↑	trade openness↑property rights↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian
Mexico Nafta Accession 1994 mexico_nafta_accession_1994	1988	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑property rights↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Mexico Pacto De Solidaridad mexico_pacto_de_solidaridad	1988	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑property rights↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Mexico Privatisations 1990 1994 mexico_privatisations_1990_1994	1988	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑property rights↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Mexico Solidaridad Program mexico_solidaridad_program	1988	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑property rights↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Mexico Telmex Privatisation 1990 mexico_telmex_privatisation_1990	1988	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑property rights↑central bank independence↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Mali Fourth Republic constitution 2023 mli_constitution_fourth_republic_2023	2023-07	~~	rule of law~judicial independence~	—
Mali ECOWAS withdrawal and AES confederation 2024-2025 mli_ecowas_withdrawal_aes_confederation_2024_2025	2024-01	↓↓	trade openness↓rule of law↓	—
Mali mining code and local-content reform 2023 mli_mining_code_local_content_2023	2023-08	↑↓↑	sectoral licensing↑property rights↓spending level↑	—
Mali transition charter revision 2022 mli_transition_charter_revision_2022	2022-02	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	—
Enterprise Nationalisation Law and State Takeovers mmr_enterprise_nationalisation_1963	1963	↓↓↑	property rights↓product market competition↓sectoral licensing↑	marxist_leninist marxian developmentalism classical_liberal
Socialist Planning and Military Economic Administration mmr_socialist_planning_system_1962_1988	1962	↓↓↑	product market competition↓central bank independence↓spending level↑	marxist_leninist marxian developmentalism classical_liberal
State Foreign Trade Monopoly and Autarkic Controls mmr_state_trade_monopoly_1964	1964	↓↓↑	trade openness↓product market competition↓sectoral licensing↑	marxist_leninist marxian developmentalism classical_liberal
Mauritania-EU sustainable fisheries protocol 2021 mrt_eu_fisheries_protocol_2021	2021-11	↑↑	sectoral licensing↑environmental stringency↑	—
Mauritania IMF ECF, EFF, and RSF arrangements 2023 mrt_imf_ecf_eff_rsf_2023	2023-01	↓↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑environmental stringency↑	—
Mauritania Tekavoul social-registry cash-transfer expansion 2020-2024 mrt_tekavoul_social_registry_expansion_2020_2024	2020	↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law↑	—
Malta euro adoption 2008 mt_euro_adoption_2008	2008-01	—↑	central bank independence—trade openness↑	—
Malta free public transport for residents 2022 mt_free_public_transport_2022	2022	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑environmental stringency↑	—
Malta Private Residential Leases Act 2020 mt_private_residential_leases_act_2020	2020	↑~↑	housing rent control↑property rights~rule of law↑	—
Malta responsible cannabis use act 2021 mt_responsible_cannabis_use_act_2021	2021	↑↑↑	rule of law↑product market competition↑sectoral licensing↑	—
Mauritius global business tax reform 2018 mus_global_business_tax_reform_2018	2018	↑↑↑	tax corporate↑financial deregulation↑rule of law↑	—
Mauritius negative income tax scheme 2017 mus_negative_income_tax_2017	2017-07	↑↑	transfer expansion↑rule of law↑	—
Mauritius VAT e-invoicing regulations 2023 mus_vat_e_invoicing_regulations_2023	2023	↑	rule of law↑	—
Malawi automatic fuel pricing mechanism mwi_automatic_fuel_pricing_mechanism_2012	2012	↓↓↑	price control intensity↓sectoral subsidy↓energy supply security↑	—
Malawi IMF Extended Credit Facility arrangement 2023 mwi_imf_ecf_2023	2023-11	↓↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑rule of law↑	—
Malawi kwacha exchange-rate realignment 2023 mwi_kwacha_devaluation_2023	2023	↑↑	central bank independence↑trade openness↑	—
Malawi Public Finance Management Act 2022 mwi_public_finance_management_act_2022	2022-03	↑↓	rule of law↑spending level↓	—
Mexican peso devaluation and debt moratorium (1982) mx_1982_peso_devaluation_moratorium	1982-08	↓↓	financial deregulation↓central bank independence↓	developmentalism post_keynesian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Ley Federal de Austeridad Republicana (2019) mx_austerity_decree_2019	2019-11	↓↓	spending level↓rule of law↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Mexican simplificación orgánica — abolition of autonomous regulators (2024) mx_autonomous_bodies_abolition_2024	2024-12	↓↓↓	rule of law↓product market competition↓sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism social_democratic institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Bank nationalisation decree (Mexico, 1 September 1982) mx_bank_nationalisation_decree_1982	1982-09	↓↓↑	financial deregulation↓property rights↓sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism post_keynesian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Banxico inflation-targeting regime 1999-2001 mx_banxico_inflation_targeting_1999	1999-01	↑↓	central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Calderón militarised drug war launch mx_calderon_drug_war_2006	2006-12	↓↑	rule of law↓spending level↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal post_keynesian
Cantarell discovery and Pemex expansion (1976-1981) mx_cantarell_pemex_expansion_1976_1981	1976	↑↑	sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism post_keynesian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Dos Bocas / Olmeca refinery construction (Mexico) mx_dos_bocas_refinery_2019	2019-05	↑—↓	sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security—product market competition↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Mexican education reform — INEE and teacher-service law (2013) mx_education_reform_2013	2013-02	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Electoral reform 1996 — IFE full autonomy mx_electoral_reform_ife_1996	1996-11	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Mexican Ley de la Industria Eléctrica reform — CFE-first dispatch (2021) mx_electricity_industry_law_reform_2021	2021-03	↓↓↓	product market competition↓energy supply security↓property rights↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Mexican energy reform — opening of Pemex upstream (2013) mx_energy_reform_2013	2013-12	↑↑↑	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↑energy supply security↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Mexico Federal Labour Law reform (Reforma Laboral 2012) mx_federal_labour_law_reform_2012	2012-11	↑	labour market flexibility↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal post_keynesian
Mexican financial reform (2014) mx_financial_reform_2014	2014-01	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Fox fiscal reform 2001 (partial VAT broadening failure) mx_fiscal_reform_2001_partial	2001-12	—	spending level—	classical_liberal institutionalism
Mexican fiscal / hacendaria reform (2014) mx_fiscal_reform_2014	2013-12	↑—	tax progressivity↑tax corporate—	classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
FOBAPROA / IPAB banking bailout 1995-1998 mx_fobaproa_ipab_banking_bailout_1995_1998	1998-12	↑↓	spending level↑financial deregulation↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Mexico GATT accession (1986) mx_gatt_accession_1986	1986-08	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian developmentalism
Mexico GFC countercyclical fiscal + monetary package mx_gfc_countercyclical_package_2009	2009-01	↑↑	spending level↑monetary expansion direction↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal post_keynesian
Plan Global de Desarrollo (1980-1982) mx_global_development_plan_1980	1980-04	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism post_keynesian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Impuesto Empresarial a Tasa Única (IETU) flat minimum corporate tax mx_ietu_flat_alt_tax_2007	2007-10	↑	tax corporate↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal post_keynesian
IFAI transparency strengthening and constitutional right to information mx_ifai_transparency_strengthening_2007_2012	2007-07	↑	rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal post_keynesian
IFE autonomy consolidation 2000-2006 mx_ife_autonomy_consolidation_2000_2006	2000-07	↑	rule of law↑	classical_liberal institutionalism
Mexico IMF Extended Fund Facility (1982-1985) mx_imf_eff_1982_1985	1982-12	↓↑↑	spending level↓trade openness↑product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian developmentalism
Mexican judicial reform — popular election of judges (2024) mx_judicial_reform_2024	2024-09	↓↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓property rights↓	developmentalism social_democratic institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Mexican minimum-wage doubling (2018-2024) mx_minimum_wage_doubling_2018_2024	2018	↓	labour market flexibility↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Mexican Guardia Nacional placed under SEDENA (2024) mx_national_guard_sedena_2024	2024-09	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism social_democratic institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Oil-boom external borrowing (Mexico, 1978-1982) mx_oil_boom_external_borrowing_1978_1982	1978	↑↑	spending level↑financial deregulation↑	developmentalism post_keynesian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Oportunidades (ex-Progresa) expansion 2002-2006 mx_oportunidades_expansion_2002	2002-03	↑	transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal institutionalism
Mexican outsourcing / subcontratación reform (2021) mx_outsourcing_reform_2021	2021-04	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓tax corporate↑	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Pacto de Solidaridad Económica (Mexico, 15 December 1987) mx_pacto_solidaridad_economica_1987	1987-12	↓↓↓	labour market flexibility↓monetary expansion direction↓spending level↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian developmentalism
Parastatal divestment start (PRONAFIDE framework, 1983-1988) mx_parastatal_divestment_pronafide_1983_1988	1983	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian developmentalism
Pemex/CFE energy-reform failure 2001-2006 mx_pemex_reform_failure_2001_2006	2002-04	—	product market competition—	classical_liberal institutionalism
Plan México — Sheinbaum industrial policy and nearshoring framework (2025) mx_plan_mexico_2025	2025-01	↑↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓tax corporate↓	developmentalism social_democratic institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Mexican political-electoral reform (2014) mx_political_electoral_reform_2014	2014-02	↑	rule of law↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Seguro Popular de Salud 2003 mx_seguro_popular_2003	2003-05	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	classical_liberal institutionalism
Sembrando Vida agro-forestry cash transfer (Mexico) mx_sembrando_vida_2019	2019	↑↑—	transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency—	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
First popular election of Mexican federal judiciary (2025) mx_supreme_court_election_2025	2025-06	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	developmentalism social_democratic institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Mexican telecoms reform and creation of IFT (2013) mx_telecoms_reform_2013	2013-06	↑↑	product market competition↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Tequila crisis and US-IMF rescue 1994-1995 mx_tequila_crisis_rescue_1994_1995	1994-12	↑↓↓	central bank independence↑spending level↓financial deregulation↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Cancellation of Texcoco NAIM airport (2018) mx_texcoco_airport_cancellation_2018	2018-10	↓↓	property rights↓product market competition↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Tren Maya inter-city rail project (Mexico) mx_tren_maya_2020_2024	2020-06	↑↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency↓product market competition↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Universal non-contributory pension for over-65s (Mexico) mx_universal_pension_2019_2024	2020-05	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist institutionalism
Malaysia 1MDB sovereign-wealth-fund fraud 2009-2018 my_1mdb_scandal_2009_2018	2009-07	↓↓	rule of law↓property rights↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Malaysia 2008 'political tsunami' general election my_2008_political_tsunami_election	2008-03	↑	rule of law↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Anti-Hopping Law — Constitution (Amendment) (No. 3) Act 2022 my_anti_hopping_law_2022	2022-10	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Full international border reopening + RCEP entry (Malaysia, 2022) my_border_reopening_2022	2022-04	↑↑	trade openness↑immigration openness↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Malaysia Bantuan Rakyat 1Malaysia (BR1M) cash transfer 2012-2018 my_br1m_cash_transfer_2012	2012-01	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Budget 2022 + Cukai Makmur prosperity tax (Malaysia, 2022) my_budget_2022_cukai_makmur	2021-10	↑↑↑	tax corporate↑spending level↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Capital Gains Tax on unlisted share disposals (Malaysia, 2024) my_capital_gains_tax_2024	2024-01	↑	tax capital↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Malaysia regional-corridor development plans (2007-2008) my_corridor_development_plans_2007	2007-07	↑	sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Diesel subsidy rationalisation — Peninsular Malaysia (Jun 2024) my_diesel_subsidy_rationalisation_2024	2024-06	↓↑	sectoral subsidy↓transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Mandatory e-Invoicing regime (Malaysia, from Aug 2024) my_einvoicing_mandate_2024	2024-08	↑↓	tax corporate↑product market competition↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Ekonomi Madani framework (Malaysia, 2023) my_ekonomi_madani_framework_2023	2023-07	↓↑↑	spending level↓environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Emergency Proclamation 2021 my_emergency_proclamation_2021	2020	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑monetary expansion direction↑product market competition↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Epf I Withdrawal Schemes 2020 2021 my_epf_i_withdrawal_schemes_2020_2021	2020	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑monetary expansion direction↑product market competition↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Etp Nem Transformation 2010 my_etp_nem_transformation_2010	2009	↓↑↓↓	tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↓rule of law↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Fourth Malaysia Plan (1981-1985) my_fourth_malaysia_plan_1981_1985	1981	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	developmentalism
Malaysia fuel-subsidy partial reform (2008) my_fuel_subsidy_partial_reform_2008	2008-06	↓↑	sectoral subsidy↓transfer expansion↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Fuel Subsidy Rationalisation Managed Float 2014 my_fuel_subsidy_rationalisation_managed_float_2014	2009	↓↑↓↓	tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↓rule of law↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Malaysia Goods and Services Tax implementation 2015 my_gst_implementation_2015	2015-04	↓—	tax progressivity↓spending level—	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Heavy Industries Corporation of Malaysia — HICOM (Malaysia 1980) my_hicom_establishment_1980	1980-11	↑↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓	developmentalism
Malaysia Hindraf rally and ethnic-Indian grievance (2007) my_hindraf_rally_ethnic_indian_grievance_2007	2007-11	↓—	rule of law↓immigration openness—	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Industrial Coordination Act 1975 — enforcement intensification (Malaysia 1976) my_industrial_coordination_act_enforcement_1976	1976	↑↓↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓property rights↓	developmentalism
Malaysia Iskandar Malaysia (Iskandar Development Region, 2006) my_iskandar_malaysia_idr_2006	2006-11	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
1988 Malaysian judicial crisis my_judicial_crisis_1988	1988-08	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
PEMULIH + Keluarga Malaysia assistance package (Malaysia, 2021) my_keluarga_malaysia_pemulih_2021	2021-06	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Look East Policy (Malaysia 1982) my_look_east_policy_1982	1982-02	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Mco Movement Control Order 2020 my_mco_movement_control_order_2020	2020	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑monetary expansion direction↑product market competition↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Malaysia Multimedia Super Corridor initiative 1996 my_msc_multimedia_corridor_1996	1996-08	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
MySejahtera digital contact-tracing + vaccination ID (Malaysia, 2020) my_mysejahtera_2020	2020-04	↑↓	sectoral licensing↑rule of law↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Malaysia Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010 my_ninth_malaysia_plan_2006	2006-03	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Operation Lalang mass ISA detention (Malaysia 1987) my_operation_lalang_1987	1987-10	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Petronas expansion under Petroleum Development Act (Malaysia 1976-1981) my_petronas_expansion_1976_1981	1976	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism
PRIHATIN + PENJANA + PEMERKASA pandemic stimulus packages (Malaysia, 2020-2021) my_prihatin_penjana_pemulih_2020_2021	2020-03	↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑monetary expansion direction↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Privatisation Master Plan (Malaysia 1983) my_privatisation_master_plan_1983	1983	↑↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Malaysia privatisation wave 1991-1997 my_privatisation_wave_1991_1997	1991	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Progressive Wage Policy pilot (Malaysia, 2024) my_progressive_wage_pilot_2024	2024-06	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Proton Saga national car launch (Malaysia 1985) my_proton_saga_launch_1985	1985-07	↑↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓product market competition↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Malaysia Putrajaya new administrative capital project 1995 my_putrajaya_capital_project_1995	1995-08	↑	spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Malaysia ringgit capital controls and peg 1998 my_ringgit_capital_controls_1998	1998-09	↓↓↑	financial deregulation↓central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Syarikat Telekom Malaysia corporatisation (Malaysia 1987) my_telekom_malaysia_corporatisation_1987	1987-01	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Third Malaysia Plan (1976-1980) my_third_malaysia_plan_1976_1980	1976	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism
Tpp Signature 2016 my_tpp_signature_2016	2009	↓↑↓↓	tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↓rule of law↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Malaysia Wawasan 2020 Vision announcement 1991 my_wawasan_2020_announcement_1991	1991-02	↑	sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Mozambique IMF Extended Credit Facility 2022 mz_imf_ecf_2022	2022-05	↓↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑rule of law↑	—
Mozambique Rovuma LNG special regime 2014 mz_rovuma_lng_special_regime_2014	2014	↑↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑property rights↑	—
Mozambique Sovereign Wealth Fund law 2024 mz_sovereign_wealth_fund_2024	2024	↓↑↑	spending level↓rule of law↑property rights↑	—
Namibia critical-minerals beneficiation export policy 2023 na_critical_minerals_beneficiation_policy_2023	2023	↓↑↑	trade openness↓sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑	—
Namibia Green Hydrogen and Derivatives Strategy 2022 na_green_hydrogen_strategy_2022	2022	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency↑trade openness↑	—
Namibia Welwitschia sovereign wealth fund 2022 na_welwitschia_fund_2022	2022	↓↑↑	spending level↓rule of law↑central bank independence↑	—
Niger-Benin crude export pipeline start 2024 ner_benin_pipeline_crude_export_start_2024	2024	↑↑↑	energy supply security↑spending level↑trade openness↑	—
Niger ECOWAS withdrawal and AES confederation 2024-2025 ner_ecowas_withdrawal_aes_confederation_2024_2025	2024-01	↓↓	trade openness↓rule of law↓	—
Niger Imouraren uranium permit withdrawal 2024 ner_imouraren_uranium_permit_withdrawal_2024	2024	↑↓↑	sectoral licensing↑property rights↓energy supply security↑	—
Niger five-year transition charter 2025 ner_transition_charter_five_year_timeline_2025	2025	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	—
Netherlands Elektriciteitswet 1998 (Electricity Act) netherlands_energy_act_1998	1998-07	↑—	product market competition↑energy supply security—	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Netherlands Wet flexibiliteit en zekerheid (Flexwet) 1999 netherlands_flexwet_flexibility_security_1999	1999-01	↑	labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Netherlands childcare and part-time-work promotion 1996-2002 netherlands_kinderopvang_part_time_promotion_1996_2002	1996	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Netherlands KPN partial privatisation 1994 netherlands_kpn_privatisation_1994	1994-06	↑	product market competition↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Netherlands Nationaal Milieubeleidsplan (NMP) 1989 netherlands_nmp_environmental_plan_1989	1989	↑	environmental stringency↑	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Netherlands Oort tax reform 1990 netherlands_oort_tax_reform_1990	1990-01	↓	tax progressivity↓	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Netherlands PTT corporatisation 1989 (KPN) netherlands_ptt_corporatisation_1989	1989-01	↑	product market competition↑	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Netherlands WAO disability-benefit reform (TBA Act 1993) netherlands_wao_disability_reform_tba_1993	1993-08	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Netherlands Wassenaar wage-moderation continuation 1986-1994 netherlands_wassenaar_continuation_1986_1994	1986	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑monetary expansion direction↓	ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Netherlands Zalm-norm fiscal expenditure rule (1994) netherlands_zalm_norm_fiscal_rule_1994	1994	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Zorgverzekeringswet — Netherlands mandatory private health insurance 2006 netherlands_zorgverzekering_2006	2006-01	↑↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↑transfer expansion↓	ordoliberal classical_liberal
Zealand Agricultural Methane Levy Design 2022 2024 new_zealand_agricultural_methane_levy_design_2022_2024	2019	↑↑↑—	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security—	—
Zealand Climate Commission 2019 new_zealand_climate_commission_2019	2019	↑↑↑—	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security—	—
Zealand Ets Reform 2020 new_zealand_ets_reform_2020	2019	↑↑↑—	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security—	—
Rogernomics — New Zealand market reforms 1984-1990 new_zealand_rogernomics_1984_1990	1984-07	↑↑↓↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism austrian
Zealand Zero Carbon Act 2019 new_zealand_zero_carbon_act_2019	2019	↑↑↑—	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security—	—
Nigeria 1979 Constitution and civilian transition ng_1979_constitution_civilian_transition	1979-10	↑	rule of law↑	democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Nigeria 1983 election crisis and Buhari coup ng_1983_election_crisis	1983-12	↓	rule of law↓	marxist_leninist developmentalism austrian market_socialist ordoliberal chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic
Agricultural Transformation Agenda (Growth Enhancement Support e-wallet) ng_agric_transformation_ewallet_2012	2012-01	—↑↑	sectoral subsidy—product market competition↑rule of law↑	institutionalism developmentalism
CBN Anchor Borrowers' Programme ng_anchor_borrowers_programme_2015	2015-11	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑central bank independence↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
CBN bank consolidation (minimum capital NGN 25bn) ng_cbn_bank_consolidation_2004	2004-07	↓↑	financial deregulation↓product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian new_keynesian eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
CBN orthodoxy restoration under Olayemi Cardoso ng_cbn_cardoso_orthodoxy_2023	2023-09	↑↓—	central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓financial deregulation—	chicago_monetarism institutionalism
CBN Ways-and-Means overdraft monetary financing ng_cbn_ways_and_means_financing_2015_2023	2015-06	↓↑↑	central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↑spending level↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Chibok abduction and Boko Haram insurgency peak ng_chibok_boko_haram_crisis_2014	2014-04	↓↑	rule of law↓spending level↑	institutionalism developmentalism
COVID-19 IMF Rapid Financing Instrument (Nigeria) ng_covid_imf_rfi_2020	2020-04	↑↑↓	spending level↑monetary expansion direction↑sectoral subsidy↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Nigeria Decree 4 press restrictions 1984 ng_decree_4_press_restrictions_1984	1984-04	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic
Doctrine of Necessity (Nigeria 2010) ng_doctrine_of_necessity_2010	2010-02	↑	rule of law↑	developmentalism new_keynesian
Nigeria 1994 dual-exchange-rate repeg ng_dual_exchange_rate_1994	1994	↑↓	financial deregulation↑trade openness↓	developmentalism eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Nigeria Economic Stabilization Act 1982 ng_economic_stabilization_act_1982	1982-04	↓↓	trade openness↓immigration openness↓	marxist_leninist developmentalism austrian market_socialist ordoliberal chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic
Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) establishment ng_efcc_establishment_2003	2003-04	↑↓	rule of law↑financial deregulation↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian new_keynesian eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Electricity Act 2023 (state-level power market decentralisation) ng_electricity_act_2023	2023-06	↑↓↑	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓sectoral licensing↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism
#EndBadGovernance protests and state response (August 2024) ng_endbadgovernance_protests_response_2024	2024-08	↓↑	rule of law↓trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism
#EndSARS protests and Lekki tollgate incident ng_endsars_protests_2020	2020-10	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Nigeria 1983 expulsion of undocumented aliens ng_expulsion_of_aliens_1983	1983-01	↓↓	immigration openness↓labour market flexibility↓	marxist_leninist developmentalism austrian market_socialist ordoliberal chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic
Nigeria Fourth National Development Plan 1981-85 ng_fourth_national_development_plan_1981_1985	1981	↑	spending level↑	marxist_leninist developmentalism austrian market_socialist ordoliberal chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic
Tinubu PMS petrol subsidy removal ("subsidy is gone") ng_fuel_subsidy_removal_2023	2023-05	↓↓	sectoral subsidy↓spending level↓	chicago_monetarism institutionalism
CBN 43-item FX ban list ng_fx_43_item_ban_2015	2015-06	↓↓	trade openness↓central bank independence↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Nigeria GDP rebasing to 2010 base year ng_gdp_rebasing_2014	2014-04	↑—	rule of law↑property rights—	institutionalism developmentalism
Nigerian GSM mobile telecom licensing auction ng_gsm_telecom_licensing_2001	2001-01	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian new_keynesian eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Nigeria IMF loan rejection 1985 ng_imf_loan_rejection_1985	1985	↓—	trade openness↓sectoral subsidy—	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic
Annulment of 12 June 1993 presidential election ng_june_12_1993_election_annulment	1993-06	↓	rule of law↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism developmentalism marxian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Nigeria land-border closure (Operation Swift Response) ng_land_border_closure_2019	2019-08	↓↑	trade openness↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Nigeria Land Use Act 1978 ng_land_use_act_1978	1978-03	↓↓	property rights↓product market competition↓	democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Nigerian commodity marketing boards abolition (1986) ng_marketing_boards_abolition_1986	1986	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism developmentalism marxian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Nigeria naira banknote change April 1984 ng_naira_currency_change_1984	1984-04	↓↓	monetary expansion direction↓property rights↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic
Naira float and FX window unification ng_naira_float_unification_2023	2023-06	↑↑↑	trade openness↑financial deregulation↑central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism
CBN naira redesign and cash-swap demonetisation ng_naira_redesign_2022	2022-10	↓↓↓	financial deregulation↓property rights↓central bank independence↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) ng_needs_programme_2004	2004-07	↓↓↑	spending level↓sectoral licensing↓rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian new_keynesian eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Niger Delta Presidential Amnesty Programme ng_niger_delta_amnesty_2009	2009-06	↑—	spending level↑rule of law—	developmentalism new_keynesian
Occupy Nigeria subsidy-removal protest and rollback ng_occupy_nigeria_subsidy_protest_2012	2012-01	↓↑	sectoral subsidy↓rule of law↑	institutionalism developmentalism
Ogoni Nine execution (1995) ng_ogoni_nine_execution_1995	1995-11	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	developmentalism eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Paris Club Nigeria debt relief deal ng_paris_club_debt_relief_2005	2005-10	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian new_keynesian eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Pension Reform Act 2014 ng_pension_reform_act_2014	2014-07	↑↑↑	property rights↑financial deregulation↑transfer expansion↑	institutionalism developmentalism
Petroleum Industry Act 2021 ng_petroleum_industry_act_2021	2021-08	↑↑↓↑	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↑tax corporate↓property rights↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism
PHCN unbundling and privatisation (power-sector reform) ng_phcn_power_privatisation_2013	2013-11	↑↑↓	product market competition↑property rights↑sectoral subsidy↓	institutionalism developmentalism
Nigerian SOE privatisation programme (1988-1993) ng_privatisation_programme_1988_1993	1988	↑	product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism developmentalism marxian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Sanusi-led CBN bank intervention and AMCON ng_sanusi_bank_intervention_2009	2009-08	↑↑	financial deregulation↑spending level↑	developmentalism new_keynesian
Nigerian SAP and Second-Tier Foreign Exchange Market (1986) ng_sap_sfem_1986	1986-09	↑↑	trade openness↑monetary expansion direction↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism developmentalism marxian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Nigeria SAP2 partial liberalisation (1995-1997) ng_sap2_partial_liberalisation_1995_1997	1995	↓↑	financial deregulation↓trade openness↑	developmentalism eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Nigeria Second Indigenisation Decree 1977 ng_second_indigenisation_decree_1977	1977-01	↓↓	product market competition↓property rights↓	democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Yar'Adua Seven-Point Agenda ng_seven_point_agenda_2007	2007	↑—	spending level↑sectoral licensing—	developmentalism new_keynesian
Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority (NSIA) ng_sovereign_wealth_fund_nsia_2011	2011-05	↑↓↑	rule of law↑spending level↓property rights↑	institutionalism developmentalism
Student Loans (Access to Higher Education) Act ng_student_loan_act_2023	2023-06	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Nigerian Tax Reform Bills (Adedeji/Oyedele committee) ng_tax_reform_bills_2024	2024-10	↑↓↑	tax progressivity↑tax corporate↓rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Nigeria Third National Development Plan 1975-1980 ng_third_national_development_plan_1975_1980	1975	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism ordoliberal
Nigeria Vision 2010 plan (1996) ng_vision_2010_plan_1996	1996	↑	spending level↑	developmentalism eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Nigeria 'War Against Indiscipline' campaign 1984-85 ng_war_against_indiscipline_1984	1984	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic
Nicaragua 1988 Stabilisation nicaragua_1988_stabilisation	1979	↓↓↑↑	property rights↓product market competition↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑	marxist_leninist developmentalism democratic_socialist
Nicaragua Agrarian Reform 1981 1986 nicaragua_agrarian_reform_1981_1986	1979	↓↓↑↑	property rights↓product market competition↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑	marxist_leninist developmentalism democratic_socialist
Nicaragua Banking Nationalisation 1979 nicaragua_banking_nationalisation_1979	1979	↓↓↑↑	property rights↓product market competition↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑	marxist_leninist developmentalism democratic_socialist
Nicaragua Foreign Trade Monopoly nicaragua_foreign_trade_monopoly	1979	↓↓↑↑	property rights↓product market competition↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑	marxist_leninist developmentalism democratic_socialist
Nicaragua Literacy Health Campaigns nicaragua_literacy_health_campaigns	1979	↓↓↑↑	property rights↓product market competition↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑	marxist_leninist developmentalism democratic_socialist
Nicaragua Somoza Expropriations 1979 nicaragua_somoza_expropriations_1979	1979	↓↓↑↑	property rights↓product market competition↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑	marxist_leninist developmentalism democratic_socialist
Nigeria Banking Licence Liberalisation 1987 nigeria_banking_licence_liberalisation_1987	1986	↑↑↑↓	trade openness↑product market competition↑monetary expansion direction↑sectoral subsidy↓	chicago_monetarism
Nigeria Commodity Board Abolition 1986 nigeria_commodity_board_abolition_1986	1986	↑↑↑↓	trade openness↑product market competition↑monetary expansion direction↑sectoral subsidy↓	chicago_monetarism
Nigeria Privatisation Decree 1988 nigeria_privatisation_decree_1988	1986	↑↑↑↓	trade openness↑product market competition↑monetary expansion direction↑sectoral subsidy↓	chicago_monetarism
Nigeria Sfem Exchange Rate 1986 nigeria_sfem_exchange_rate_1986	1986	↑↑↑↓	trade openness↑product market competition↑monetary expansion direction↑sectoral subsidy↓	chicago_monetarism
Nigeria Tariff Reform 1988 nigeria_tariff_reform_1988	1986	↑↑↑↓	trade openness↑product market competition↑monetary expansion direction↑sectoral subsidy↓	chicago_monetarism
Netherlands Aanvullend Beleidsakkoord GFC stimulus (2009) nl_aanvullend_beleidsakkoord_stimulus_2009	2009-03	↑↓	spending level↑labour market flexibility↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism eco_socialist marxian new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic
Netherlands AOW retirement-age rise legislated (2012) nl_aow_retirement_age_rise_2012	2012-07	↓	transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian
Netherlands AOW retirement-age rise (initial 2009 proposal) nl_aow_retirement_age_rise_proposal_2009	2009-06	↓	transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism eco_socialist marxian new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic
Netherlands asylum emergency package — Asiel-noodmaatregelenwet 2024 nl_asylum_emergency_law_2024	2024-09	↓	immigration openness↓	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Netherlands Bestek '81 framework (June 1978) nl_bestek_81_1978	1978-06	↓↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓	institutionalism social_democratic ordoliberal
Netherlands Box 3 Wet rechtsherstel + Overbruggingswet 2022-2023 nl_box3_rechtsherstel_overbrugging_2022_2023	2022	↓↑	tax capital↓property rights↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Netherlands Box 3 transitional flat-rate response 2024 nl_box3_transitional_flat_rate_2024	2024	↓↑	tax capital↓property rights↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Netherlands Rutte I €18bn coalition austerity package nl_coalition_austerity_2010_2012	2010-09	↓↓	spending level↓sectoral subsidy↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian
Netherlands COVID-19 fiscal response (NOW / TVL / tax deferral) 2020-2022 nl_covid_fiscal_response_now_tvl_2020_2022	2020	↑↑↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
Netherlands dividend tax abolition plan and u-turn 2017-2018 nl_dividend_tax_abolition_uturn_2018	2017	—↓	tax capital—tax corporate↓	empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
Netherlands energieplafond (energy price cap) 2023 nl_energieplafond_price_cap_2023	2023-01	↓↑↑	product market competition↓transfer expansion↑tax corporate↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Eu Constitution Referendum 2005 nl_eu_constitution_referendum_2005	2002	↑↓↑↓	labour market flexibility↑immigration openness↓product market competition↑transfer expansion↓	ordoliberal classical_liberal
Euthanasia Law 2002 nl_euthanasia_law_2002	1998	—↑↓	tax progressivity—labour market flexibility↑spending level↓	empirical_pragmatist
Netherlands Fortis/ABN-AMRO nationalisation (2008) nl_fortis_abn_amro_nationalisation_2008	2008-10	↓↑	financial deregulation↓spending level↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism eco_socialist marxian new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic
Netherlands Groningen gas field production wind-down 2018-2023 nl_groningen_gas_wind_down_2018_2023	2018-03	↓↑↓	energy supply security↓environmental stringency↑rule of law↓	empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
Netherlands Herfstakkoord 2013 (€16bn additional consolidation) nl_herfstakkoord_2013	2013-10	↓↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal marxian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Netherlands housing market deregulation programme 2024 nl_housing_market_deregulation_2024	2024	↑↓	product market competition↑environmental stringency↓	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Netherlands housing-market reform (Rutte II 2013) nl_housing_market_reform_2013	2013-01	↑↑	tax progressivity↑product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal marxian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Netherlands immigration/integration tightening under Rutte I nl_immigration_integration_tightening_2010_2012	2010-09	↓	immigration openness↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian
Wet IB 2001 — box-system income tax reform nl_income_tax_act_2001	2001-01	——	tax progressivity—tax capital—	empirical_pragmatist
Netherlands ING capital injection + Alt-A back-up facility nl_ing_bank_support_2008_2009	2008-10	↓↑	financial deregulation↓spending level↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism eco_socialist marxian new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic
Netherlands Klimaatakkoord + Klimaatwet 2019 nl_klimaatakkoord_klimaatwet_2019	2019-06	↑↑↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑tax corporate↑	empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
Kok Budget Surplus 1998 2001 nl_kok_budget_surplus_1998_2001	1998	—↑↓	tax progressivity—labour market flexibility↑spending level↓	empirical_pragmatist
Netherlands Lenteakkoord/Kunduz-akkoord €14bn consolidation nl_lenteakkoord_kunduz_2012	2012-04	↓—	spending level↓product market competition—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian
Netherlands natural-gas revenue cycle — Slochterveld peak (1977-1982) nl_natural_gas_revenue_cycle_1977_1982	1977	↑↑	transfer expansion↑energy supply security↑	institutionalism social_democratic ordoliberal
Netherlands Nationaal Programma Landelijk Gebied (nitrogen buyout programme) 2022-2023 nl_nitrogen_nplg_buyout_programme_2022_2023	2022	↑↑↓	environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑property rights↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Netherlands nitrogen reduction target rollback 2024 nl_nitrogen_targets_rollback_2024	2024	↓↓	environmental stringency↓sectoral subsidy↓	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Netherlands Participatiewet activation reform nl_participatiewet_2015	2015-01	↓—	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal marxian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Netherlands PTT Nederland privatisation (January 1989) nl_ptt_privatisation_1989	1989-01	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	institutionalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Netherlands public-sector pay cut 3% (January 1984) nl_public_sector_pay_cut_1984	1984-01	↓↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓	institutionalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Wet openstelling huwelijk — same-sex marriage nl_same_sex_marriage_2001	2001-04	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist
Netherlands stikstofcrisis — PAS annulment response 2019-2021 nl_stikstofcrisis_pas_annulment_response_2019_2021	2019-05	↑↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
Stricter Migration Code 2004 2006 nl_stricter_migration_code_2004_2006	2002	↑↓↑↓	labour market flexibility↑immigration openness↓product market competition↑transfer expansion↓	ordoliberal classical_liberal
Netherlands Toeslagenaffaire compensation programme 2022-2024 nl_toeslagenaffaire_compensation_2022_2024	2022	↑↑	transfer expansion↑rule of law↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Netherlands Toeslagenaffaire reckoning and Rutte III resignation 2019-2021 nl_toeslagenaffaire_reckoning_2019_2021	2021-01	↓↑	rule of law↓judicial independence↑	empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
Netherlands WAO disability scheme caseload expansion (1978-1982) nl_wao_disability_expansion_1978_1982	1978	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	institutionalism social_democratic ordoliberal
Netherlands WAO/WW eligibility tightening (1986-1987) nl_wao_ww_eligibility_tightening_1986_1987	1986	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	institutionalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Netherlands Akkoord van Wassenaar (November 1982) nl_wassenaar_agreement_1982	1982-11	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑monetary expansion direction↓	institutionalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Wet Betaalbare Huur — Netherlands mid-market rent regulation 2024 nl_wet_betaalbare_huur_2024	2024-07	↓↓	product market competition↓property rights↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Netherlands Wet Investeringsrekening (WIR, 1978) nl_wet_investeringsrekening_1978	1978-05	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑tax corporate↓	institutionalism social_democratic ordoliberal
Netherlands Wet werk en zekerheid (flex-security law) nl_wet_werk_zekerheid_2015	2015-07	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal marxian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Wia Disability Reform 2006 nl_wia_disability_reform_2006	2002	↑↓↑↓	labour market flexibility↑immigration openness↓product market competition↑transfer expansion↓	ordoliberal classical_liberal
Netherlands WIR abolition (1988) nl_wir_abolition_1988	1988-02	↓↓	sectoral subsidy↓spending level↓	institutionalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Netherlands long-term-care decentralisation (Wlz + Wmo 2015) nl_wlz_wmo_decentralisation_2015	2015-01	↓↓—	spending level↓sectoral subsidy↓rule of law—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal marxian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Netherlands working-time reduction 40 → 38 hours (1982-1985) nl_working_time_reduction_1982_1985	1982	↑	labour market flexibility↑	institutionalism ordoliberal classical_liberal
Wet toekomst pensioenen — Netherlands DB-to-DC pension reform 2023 nl_wtp_pension_reform_2023	2023-07	—↑—	property rights—financial deregulation↑transfer expansion—	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Wet Werk en Bijstand (WWB) nl_wwb_work_and_welfare_2004	2004-01	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↓	ordoliberal classical_liberal
Zorgverzekeringswet — universal private health insurance nl_zvw_health_insurance_2006	2006-01	↑↑	product market competition↑transfer expansion↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal
Norwegian 1992 tax reform — base broadening and dual-income no_1992_tax_reform	1992-01	↓↓↓	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓tax capital↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist market_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Abortion law reform — self-determination extended to week 18 no_abortion_law_reform_2024	2024-05	↑	rule of law↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Aksjonærmodellen — integrated capital income tax reform no_aksjonaermodellen_capital_tax_2006	2006-01	↑↑	tax capital↑tax progressivity↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Norwegian banking crisis resolution 1991-1993 no_banking_crisis_resolution_1991	1991-10	↑↑	financial deregulation↑spending level↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist market_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Bondevik I cabinet fall over gas-power plants 2000 no_bondevik_i_gas_power_fall_2000	2000-03	↑↓	environmental stringency↑energy supply security↓	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Norwegian NRK broadcasting monopoly end 1981-1984 no_broadcasting_monopoly_end_1984	1981	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	austrian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism new_keynesian social_democratic eco_socialist institutionalism post_keynesian
CO2 tax escalator toward NOK 2000/t by 2030 no_co2_tax_escalator_2021	2021	↑↑	environmental stringency↑tax corporate↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Corporate tax reduction 28% → 22% and personal tax cuts no_corporate_tax_cut_2013_2019	2014	↓↓	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
COVID-19 fiscal response package no_covid_fiscal_response_2020_2021	2020-03	↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Norwegian EEA agreement ratification 1992 no_eea_agreement_1992	1992-05	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist market_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Household electricity price-support scheme (strømstøtte) no_electricity_price_support_stromstotte_2022	2021-12	↑↓	transfer expansion↑environmental stringency↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Norwegian 1994 EU-membership referendum — no vote no_eu_referendum_no_1994	1994-11	—	trade openness—	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist market_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
GFC discretionary fiscal stimulus package no_gfc_fiscal_stimulus_2009	2009-01	↑	spending level↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
GPFG ethical guidelines and responsible-investment mandate no_gpfg_ethical_guidelines_2006	2006-01	↑↑	property rights↑rule of law↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Handlingsregelen revision — real-return assumption 4% → 3% no_handlingsregel_3pct_white_paper_2017	2017-02	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Handlingsregelen fiscal rule (4% spending rule) 2001 no_handlingsregelen_fiscal_rule_2001	2001-03	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist developmentalism marxian new_keynesian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Norwegian housing and credit-market liberalisation 1984-1985 no_housing_credit_liberalisation_1984	1984	↓↑	financial deregulation↓product market competition↑	austrian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism new_keynesian social_democratic eco_socialist institutionalism post_keynesian
Asylum and integration tightening package (Integreringsforliket) no_immigration_tightening_2015_2016	2015-11	↓	immigration openness↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Norwegian Kleppe-pakker counter-cyclical packages 1975-1978 no_kleppe_packages_counter_cyclical_1975_1978	1975	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal austrian
Klimaforliket — cross-party climate settlement no_klimaforliket_2008	2008-01	↑↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Kontantstoette cash-for-care parental transfer 1998 no_kontantstoette_cash_for_care_1998	1998-08	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Norwegian krone 9.2% devaluation May 1986 no_krone_devaluation_may_1986	1986-05	↑	monetary expansion direction↑	austrian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism new_keynesian social_democratic eco_socialist institutionalism post_keynesian
Onshore wind resource-rent tax (grunnrenteskatt landbasert vindkraft) no_onshore_wind_resource_rent_tax_2024	2023-12	↑—	tax capital↑environmental stringency—	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Pensjonsreformen — pension reform with life-expectancy adjustment no_pension_reform_2011	2011-01	↑↓↑	rule of law↑transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Norwegian pension reform white paper 2004 no_pension_reform_white_paper_2004	2004	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist developmentalism marxian new_keynesian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Norwegian Petroleum Fund establishment 1990 no_petroleum_fund_establishment_1990	1990-06	↑↓	rule of law↑spending level↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist market_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Government Petroleum Fund first deposit 1996 no_petroleum_fund_first_deposit_1996	1996-05	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Norwegian 'moderate pace' petroleum doctrine — Stortingsmelding 25 (1973-74) and NOU 1977:1 no_petroleum_moderate_pace_doctrine_1977	1974	↑↑	energy supply security↑property rights↑	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal austrian
Petroleum-sector white paper preserving ring-fence regime no_petroleum_tax_white_paper_2016	2016-04	——	property rights—tax corporate—	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Salmon farming resource-rent tax (grunnrenteskatt havbruk) no_salmon_resource_rent_tax_2023	2023-05	↑—	tax capital↑sectoral subsidy—	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Norwegian tax reform 2004-2006 (Skatteform/aksjonaermodellen) no_skatteform_2004_2006	2004	↓↓	tax progressivity↓tax capital↓	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist developmentalism marxian new_keynesian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Norwegian wage and price freeze September 1978 - December 1979 no_wage_price_freeze_1978_1979	1978-09	↓↓	product market competition↓labour market flexibility↓	institutionalism developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal austrian
Norway Gpfg Investment Mandate norway_gpfg_investment_mandate	2001	↓↑↑—	spending level↓central bank independence↑property rights↑sectoral subsidy—	austrian
Handlingsregelen — Norway fiscal-rule 2001 norway_handlingsregel_fiscal_rule_2001	2001-03	↑↓↑	central bank independence↑spending level↓rule of law↑	austrian
Norway Norges Bank Independence 2001 norway_norges_bank_independence_2001	2001	↓↑↑—	spending level↓central bank independence↑property rights↑sectoral subsidy—	austrian
New Zealand 1984 FX crisis and constitutional transition nz_1984_fx_crisis_devaluation	1984-07	↑↑	central bank independence↑rule of law↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
ACC work account renationalisation nz_acc_renationalisation_1999	1999-12	↑↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal market_socialist ordoliberal austrian
NZ Accident Insurance Act (ACC work account competition) nz_accident_insurance_act_1998	1998-12	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Budget 2023 (Hipkins/Robertson) nz_budget_2023_hipkins	2023-05	↓↑	spending level↓transfer expansion↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism ordoliberal social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Canterbury earthquake recovery (NZ) nz_canterbury_earthquake_recovery_2011	2011-04	↑—	spending level↑rule of law—	classical_liberal new_keynesian
New Zealand carless days scheme 1979-1980 nz_carless_days_1979	1979	↓	product market competition↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Child Poverty Reduction Act 2018 nz_child_poverty_reduction_act_2018	2018-12	↑	transfer expansion↑	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism
New Zealand-China Free Trade Agreement nz_china_fta_2008	2008-04	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal market_socialist ordoliberal austrian
Civil Union Act nz_civil_union_act_2004	2004-12	↑	rule of law↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal market_socialist ordoliberal austrian
COVID-19 elimination strategy + fiscal/monetary response 2020-2022 nz_covid_elimination_2020	2020-03	↑↑↓	spending level↑monetary expansion direction↑immigration openness↓	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism
New Zealand Employment Contracts Act (1991) nz_employment_contracts_act_1991	1991-05	↑	labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Fair Pay Agreements Act 2022 nz_fair_pay_agreements_2022	2022-10	↓	labour market flexibility↓	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Fair Pay Agreements Act Repeal Act 2023 nz_fair_pay_agreements_repeal_2023	2023-12	↑	labour market flexibility↑	chicago_monetarism austrian
NZ Family Incomes Package (Budget 2017) nz_family_incomes_package_2017	2017-05	↑↑	tax progressivity↑transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal
Fast-track Approvals Act 2024 nz_fast_track_approvals_act_2024	2024-12	↓↑	environmental stringency↓product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism austrian
Fiscal Responsibility Act (1994) nz_fiscal_responsibility_act_1994	1994	↑↓	rule of law↑spending level↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Float 1985 nz_float_1985	1984	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↑	chicago_monetarism austrian
NZ GST increase and income-tax cut (2010 tax switch) nz_gst_increase_income_tax_cut_2010	2010-10	↓↓	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	classical_liberal new_keynesian
Kiwibank establishment nz_kiwibank_establishment_2002	2002-02	↑↑	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal market_socialist ordoliberal austrian
KiwiBuild affordable-housing programme 2017 nz_kiwibuild_2017	2017	↑	sectoral subsidy↑	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Budget 2024 personal income tax package nz_luxon_tax_cut_budget_2024	2024-05	↓↓	tax progressivity↓spending level↓	chicago_monetarism austrian
Maori Health Authority (Te Aka Whai Ora) 2022 nz_maori_health_authority_2022	2022-07	↑	sectoral licensing↑	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Pae Ora (Disestablishment of Maori Health Authority) Amendment Act 2024 nz_maori_health_authority_repeal_2024	2024-02	↓	sectoral licensing↓	chicago_monetarism austrian
NZ Mixed Ownership Model partial privatisation nz_mixed_ownership_model_2012	2012	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian
MMP electoral-system referendum (1993) nz_mmp_referendum_1993	1993-11	↑	rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Mother of All Budgets (1991) nz_mother_of_all_budgets_1991	1991-07	↓↓	transfer expansion↓spending level↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
New Zealand Superannuation Fund ('Cullen Fund') nz_nz_superannuation_fund_2001	2001-10	↑↑	spending level↑property rights↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal market_socialist ordoliberal austrian
RBNZ Official Cash Rate introduction nz_official_cash_rate_introduction_1999	1999-03	↑	central bank independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Hipkins 'policy bonfire' 2023 nz_policy_bonfire_2023	2023	↓—	environmental stringency↓transfer expansion—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism ordoliberal social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Public-sector baseline savings and role reductions 2024 nz_public_sector_cuts_2024	2024	↓	spending level↓	chicago_monetarism austrian
Reserve Bank Act 1989 operational implementation (1990-1997) nz_rba_act_implementation_1990_1997	1990	↑	central bank independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Rbnz Inflation Targeting 1989 nz_rbnz_inflation_targeting_1989	1984	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↑	chicago_monetarism austrian
RBNZ single price-stability mandate restoration 2023 nz_rbnz_single_mandate_restoration_2023	2023-12	↑	central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism austrian
Smokefree Environments generational tobacco ban 2022 nz_smokefree_generation_2022	2022-12	↓	product market competition↓	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Smokefree generation ban repeal 2024 nz_smokefree_generation_repeal_2024	2024-02	↑	product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism austrian
Soe Act 1986 nz_soe_act_1986	1984	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↑	chicago_monetarism austrian
New Zealand Supplementary Minimum Prices for farmers 1978-1984 nz_supplementary_minimum_prices_farmers_1978	1978	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Tariff Reduction 1984 1996 nz_tariff_reduction_1984_1996	1984	↑↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↑	chicago_monetarism austrian
New Zealand 'Think Big' energy projects 1977-1984 nz_think_big_energy_projects_1977	1977	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Affordable Water Reforms (Three Waters rebrand) 2023 nz_three_waters_rebrand_2023	2023	↓	product market competition↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism ordoliberal social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Three Waters reform 2022 nz_three_waters_reform_2022	2022	↓↑	product market competition↓spending level↑	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Water Services Acts Repeal Act 2023 nz_three_waters_repeal_2023	2023-12	↑	product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism austrian
Trans-Pacific Partnership signing (NZ) nz_tpp_signing_2016	2016-02	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian
NZ TPP-11 (CPTPP) negotiations nz_tpp11_negotiations_2017	2017	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal
Treaty Principles Bill (ACT) 2024-2025 nz_treaty_principles_bill_2024_2025	2024	—	rule of law—	chicago_monetarism austrian
New Zealand comprehensive wage-price-rent-interest freeze 1982-1984 nz_wage_price_freeze_1982	1982-06	↓↓↓	product market competition↓labour market flexibility↓financial deregulation↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal
NZ welfare investment approach nz_welfare_investment_approach_2012	2012	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian
Wellbeing Budget framework 2019 nz_wellbeing_budget_2019	2019-05	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Wellington International Airport 66% sale nz_wellington_airport_sale_1998	1998-08	↓	sectoral licensing↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Working for Families package nz_working_for_families_2004	2004-05	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal market_socialist ordoliberal austrian
Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Act 2019 nz_zero_carbon_act_2019	2019-11	↑	environmental stringency↑	new_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Oman Labour Law 2023 oman_labour_law_2023	2023-07	~↑↓	labour market flexibility~rule of law↑immigration openness↓	—
Oman Social Protection Law oman_social_protection_law_2023	2023-07	↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law↑	—
Oman VAT introduction oman_vat_introduction_2021	2020-10	↓↓	tax progressivity↓spending level↓	—
Pakistan Banks Nationalisation Act 1974 pakistan_banks_nationalisation_act_1974	1972	↓↓↑↑	sectoral licensing↓property rights↓spending level↑transfer expansion↑	democratic_socialist marxian classical_liberal institutionalism
Pakistan Economic Reforms Order 1972 pakistan_economic_reforms_order_1972	1972	↓↓↑↑	sectoral licensing↓property rights↓spending level↑transfer expansion↑	democratic_socialist marxian classical_liberal institutionalism
Pakistan Education Nationalisation 1972 pakistan_education_nationalisation_1972	1972	↓↓↑↑	sectoral licensing↓property rights↓spending level↑transfer expansion↑	democratic_socialist marxian classical_liberal institutionalism
Pakistan Land Reforms 1972 1977 pakistan_land_reforms_1972_1977	1972	↓↓↑↑	sectoral licensing↓property rights↓spending level↑transfer expansion↑	democratic_socialist marxian classical_liberal institutionalism
1993 Peruvian Constitution and referendum pe_1993_constitution_referendum	1993-12	↓↑↑	rule of law↓product market competition↑trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Afp Pension Withdrawals 2023 2024 pe_afp_pension_withdrawals_2023_2024	2022	↑↓↑—	product market competition↑environmental stringency↓transfer expansion↑central bank independence—	classical_liberal institutionalism
Afp Sixth Withdrawal 2022 pe_afp_sixth_withdrawal_2022	2021	——↑—	product market competition—tax corporate—transfer expansion↑central bank independence—	marxian post_keynesian institutionalism
Alberto Fujimori humanitarian pardon pe_alberto_fujimori_humanitarian_pardon_2017	2017-12	↓	rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Peru Anti-Corruption Referendum (2018) pe_anti_corruption_referendum_2018	2018-12	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	classical_liberal institutionalism
Peru ARCC Reconstrucción con Cambios authority pe_arcc_reconstruction_authority_2017	2017-04	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral licensing↑	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Fujimori autogolpe 5 April 1992 pe_autogolpe_5_april_1992	1992-04	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Bagua / Baguazo 2009 + Legislative Decrees repeal pe_bagua_massacre_legislative_decrees_2009	2009-06	—↓	product market competition—rule of law↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Bank-nationalisation announcement (Peru, 28 July 1987) pe_bank_nationalisation_announcement_1987	1987-07	↓↓	financial deregulation↓property rights↓	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Bono Universal Covid 2020 pe_bono_universal_covid_2020	2018	↑↑↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑	classical_liberal institutionalism
Camisea gas project inauguration 2004 pe_camisea_gas_project_2004	2004-08	↑↑	energy supply security↑spending level↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Capture of Abimael Guzmán and Sendero Luminoso decapitation 1992 pe_capture_of_guzman_sendero_1992	1992-09	↑	rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Castillo attempted self-coup and impeachment (7 December 2022) pe_castillo_autogolpe_dec_2022	2022-12	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	marxian post_keynesian institutionalism
Castillo Constituent Assembly process (Peru 2021-2022) pe_castillo_constituent_assembly_process_2021_2022	2021	—	property rights—	marxian post_keynesian institutionalism
Congreso Constituyente Democrático elections November 1992 pe_ccd_constituyente_elections_1992	1992-11	↑	rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Conga mining project conflict and suspension pe_conga_mining_conflict_2011_2012	2011-11	↓↑	rule of law↓sectoral licensing↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Peru Congressional Dissolution (September 2019) pe_congressional_dissolution_2019	2019-09	—↑	rule of law—judicial independence↑	classical_liberal institutionalism
1979 Peruvian Constitution implementation (1980) pe_constitution_1979_implementation_1980	1980-07	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
García 10%-of-exports debt-service limit (Peru, 1985) pe_debt_service_limit_1985	1985-07	↓↓	financial deregulation↓central bank independence↓	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Decreto Ley 25.475 — Peruvian terrorism law and military tribunals 1992 pe_decreto_ley_25475_terrorism_1992	1992-05	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Emergency zones and military command (Peru, 1981-1985) pe_emergency_zones_sendero_1981_1985	1982-12	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Peru 2009 financial-crisis stimulus package pe_financial_crisis_stimulus_2009	2009-01	↑	spending level↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Peru Ley de Prudencia y Transparencia Fiscal amendment 2003 pe_fiscal_prudence_law_amendment_2003	2003-05	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
García II 'perro del hortelano' doctrine 2007 pe_garcia_ii_perro_del_hortelano_2007	2007-10	↑	product market competition↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Peruvian hyperinflation (1988-1990) pe_hyperinflation_1988_1990	1988	↑↓	monetary expansion direction↑central bank independence↓	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Peru IMF Extended Fund Facility (1982-1984) pe_imf_eff_1982_1984	1982-06	↓↑	spending level↓trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Peru inflation-targeting adoption January 2002 pe_inflation_targeting_adoption_2002	2002-01	↑	central bank independence↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Inti heterodox stabilisation plan (Peru, 1985) pe_inti_heterodox_plan_1985	1985-08	↑↓↓↑	spending level↑financial deregulation↓labour market flexibility↓monetary expansion direction↑	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Peru sovereign investment-grade rating 2008 pe_investment_grade_rating_2008	2008-04	↑↓	central bank independence↑spending level↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Judicial Independence Rollback 2023 2025 pe_judicial_independence_rollback_2023_2025	2022	↑↓↑—	product market competition↑environmental stringency↓transfer expansion↑central bank independence—	classical_liberal institutionalism
Peru Ley APCI — NGO cooperation restrictions (2024) pe_ley_apci_ngo_restrictions_2024	2025-04	↓	rule of law↓	classical_liberal institutionalism
Mining and hydrocarbons FDI opening (Peru, 1981) pe_mining_hydrocarbons_fdi_opening_1981	1981-09	↑↓↑	trade openness↑sectoral licensing↓property rights↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Mining Investment Facilitation 2023 pe_mining_investment_facilitation_2023	2022	↑↓↑—	product market competition↑environmental stringency↓transfer expansion↑central bank independence—	classical_liberal institutionalism
Peru mining royalty + windfall-tax reform pe_mining_royalty_reform_2011	2011-09	↑	tax corporate↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Mining Tax Regime Proposal 2021 2022 pe_mining_tax_regime_proposal_2021_2022	2021	——↑—	product market competition—tax corporate—transfer expansion↑central bank independence—	marxian post_keynesian institutionalism
Pacific Alliance founding and Framework Agreement pe_pacific_alliance_accession_2012_2014	2012-06	↑	trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Paquetazos stabilisation packages (Peru, 1988-1989) pe_paquetazos_stabilisation_1988_1989	1988	↓↓↓	transfer expansion↓spending level↓monetary expansion direction↓	post_keynesian developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Pensión 65 non-contributory pension programme pe_pension_65_2011	2011-10	↑	transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
PPK legislative-decree package December 2016 pe_ppk_legislative_decree_package_2016	2016-12	↑↓	product market competition↑tax progressivity↓	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Peru OECD accession roadmap + country-programme preparation pe_ppk_oecd_accession_roadmap_2016_2018	2016-07	↑↓	rule of law↑financial deregulation↓	chicago_monetarism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Boluarte government protest crackdown (Peru Dec 2022 - Mar 2023) pe_protest_crackdown_2022_2023	2022-12	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	classical_liberal institutionalism
Reactiva Peru Covid Response 2020 pe_reactiva_peru_covid_response_2020	2018	↑↑↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑	classical_liberal institutionalism
Peru Servir civil-service reform pe_servir_civil_service_law_2013	2013-07	↑↑	rule of law↑labour market flexibility↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Tariff reform and import-licensing reduction (Peru, 1980-1984) pe_tariff_reform_1980_1984	1980	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism post_keynesian
Peru Truth and Reconciliation Commission (CVR) 2001-2003 pe_truth_reconciliation_commission_2001_2003	2001-06	↑	rule of law↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
US-Peru TPA entry into force 2009 pe_us_fta_implementation_2009	2009-02	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Peru-US Trade Promotion Agreement negotiation + signing pe_us_fta_negotiation_2004_2006	2006-04	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Vizcarra Vacancy Nov 2020 pe_vizcarra_vacancy_nov_2020	2018	↑↑↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑	classical_liberal institutionalism
Peru 1993 Constitution Central Bank peru_1993_constitution_central_bank	1990	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Peru Fujishock 1990 peru_fujishock_1990	1990	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Peru Privatisations 1991 1997 peru_privatisations_1991_1997	1990	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Peru Trade Opening 1991 1993 peru_trade_opening_1991_1993	1990	↓↑↑↑	spending level↓trade openness↑product market competition↑central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Eleven Major Industrial Projects (Philippines 1979) ph_11_major_industrial_projects_1979	1979	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
1987 Philippine Constitution ph_1987_constitution	1987-02	↑↑↓	rule of law↑judicial independence↑trade openness↓	classical_liberal social_democratic
ABS-CBN broadcast franchise denial ph_abs_cbn_franchise_denial_2020	2020-07	↓↓↓	sectoral licensing↓property rights↓rule of law↓	classical_liberal developmentalism institutionalism
Asset Privatisation Trust (Philippines 1986) ph_apt_privatisation_1986	1986-12	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	classical_liberal social_democratic
Bangsamoro Organic Law (RA 11054) establishing BARMM ph_bangsamoro_organic_law_2018	2018-07	↑↑	rule of law↑spending level↑	classical_liberal developmentalism institutionalism
Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (Philippines 1984) ph_bataan_nuclear_plant_1984	1984-05	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Philippines BOT Law amendment 1994 (RA 7718) ph_bot_law_amendment_1994	1994-05	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓property rights↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Philippines New Central Bank Act — BSP independence 1993 ph_bsp_charter_1993	1993-06	↑↑	central bank independence↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
'Build Build Build' infrastructure programme ph_build_build_build_2017_2022	2017-04	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal developmentalism institutionalism
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Programme — CARP (Philippines 1988) ph_carp_agrarian_reform_1988	1988-06	↓↑	property rights↓transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal social_democratic
Philippines CARPER agrarian-reform extension (2009) ph_carper_extension_2009	2009-08	↑↑↑	property rights↑spending level↑transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist developmentalism social_democratic
Coconut Industry Investment Fund levy (Philippines 1973-1986) ph_coconut_levy_cojuangco_1973_1986	1973-08	↑↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↓property rights↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
CREATE: Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises Act (RA 11534) ph_create_corporate_tax_cut_2021	2021-03	↓↑↓	tax corporate↓sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↓	classical_liberal developmentalism institutionalism
Philippines external debt moratorium (1983) ph_debt_moratorium_1983	1983-10	↓↓	monetary expansion direction↓trade openness↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Philippine 'war on drugs' (Oplan Tokhang / Oplan Double Barrel) ph_drug_war_2016	2016-07	↓↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓property rights↓	classical_liberal developmentalism institutionalism
Edca 2014 ph_edca_2014	2010	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑spending level↑product market competition↑	institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism
Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement site expansion (5 to 9) ph_edca_expansion_2023	2023-04	↑	rule of law↑	classical_liberal developmentalism institutionalism
Philippines Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA, 2001) ph_epira_power_sector_reform_2001	2001-06	↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	classical_liberal social_democratic developmentalism
Philippines Estrada impeachment and EDSA II succession (2001) ph_estrada_impeachment_edsa_ii_2001	2001-01	↓—	rule of law↓judicial independence—	classical_liberal social_democratic developmentalism
Philippines Expanded VAT Law / Reformed VAT (RA 9337, 2005) ph_expanded_vat_law_2005	2005-07	↓↓	tax progressivity↓spending level↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist developmentalism social_democratic
Philippines Foreign Bank Liberalization Act 1994 (RA 7721) ph_foreign_bank_liberalization_1994	1994-05	↑	financial deregulation↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Philippines General Banking Law 2000 (RA 8791) ph_general_banking_law_2000	2000-05	↑↑	financial deregulation↑trade openness↑	classical_liberal social_democratic developmentalism
Philippines 'Hello Garci' election-fixing scandal (2005) ph_hello_garci_scandal_2005	2005-06	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist developmentalism social_democratic
Philippine withdrawal from the Rome Statute (ICC) ph_icc_withdrawal_2019	2019-03	↓—	rule of law↓judicial independence—	classical_liberal developmentalism institutionalism
K12 Basic Education 2013 ph_k12_basic_education_2013	2010	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑spending level↑product market competition↑	institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism
Luzon Economic Corridor (PGI flagship Philippines) ph_luzon_economic_corridor_2024	2024-04	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑energy supply security↑	classical_liberal developmentalism institutionalism
Maharlika Investment Fund (Philippine sovereign wealth fund) ph_maharlika_sovereign_wealth_fund_2023	2023-07	↑—↓	sectoral subsidy↑property rights—central bank independence↓	classical_liberal developmentalism institutionalism
Martial Law lifting and Amendment No. 6 (Philippines 1981) ph_martial_law_lifting_amendment_6_1981	1981-01	↑↓	rule of law↑judicial independence↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Philippines Mindanao all-out-war campaign (2000) ph_mindanao_all_out_war_2000	2000-03	↑↓	spending level↑rule of law↓	classical_liberal social_democratic developmentalism
Philippines MNLF Final Peace Agreement 1996 ph_mnlf_peace_agreement_1996	1996-09	↑	rule of law↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Philippines Oil Industry Deregulation Act 1996-1998 ph_oil_industry_deregulation_1996_1998	1996-03	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Pantawid 4Ps Expansion 2010 2016 ph_pantawid_4ps_expansion_2010_2016	2010	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑spending level↑product market competition↑	institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism
Philippines Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) launch (2007) ph_pantawid_4ps_launch_2007	2008-02	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist developmentalism social_democratic
PCGG sequestration of Marcos ill-gotten wealth (Philippines 1986) ph_pcgg_sequestration_1986	1986-02	↑↑↓	rule of law↑product market competition↑property rights↓	classical_liberal social_democratic
Philippines PP 1017 state-of-national-emergency proclamation (2006) ph_pp_1017_emergency_proclamation_2006	2006-02	↓↑	rule of law↓judicial independence↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist developmentalism social_democratic
Ppp Infrastructure Program 2010 2016 ph_ppp_infrastructure_program_2010_2016	2010	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑spending level↑product market competition↑	institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism
Philippines ratification of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) ph_rcep_ratification_2023	2023-02	↑↓	trade openness↑sectoral licensing↓	classical_liberal developmentalism institutionalism
Philippines Retail Trade Liberalization Act 2000 (RA 8762) ph_retail_trade_liberalization_act_2000	2000-03	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal social_democratic developmentalism
Rice Tariffication Act (RA 11203) ph_rice_tariffication_2019	2019-02	↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal developmentalism institutionalism
Sin Tax Reform 2012 ph_sin_tax_reform_2012	2010	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑spending level↑product market competition↑	institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism
1986 snap election and EDSA People Power Revolution (Philippines) ph_snap_election_edsa_1986	1986-02	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
PHILSUCOM / NASUTRA sugar monopoly (Philippines 1976) ph_sugar_monopoly_philsucom_nasutra_1976	1976-05	↓↑↓	sectoral licensing↓sectoral subsidy↑property rights↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Philippines Public Telecommunications Policy Act 1995 (RA 7925) ph_telecom_deregulation_ra7925_1995	1995-03	↑	product market competition↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
TRAIN: Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (RA 10963) ph_train_tax_reform_2017	2017-12	↑↑↑	tax progressivity↑tax capital↑spending level↑	classical_liberal developmentalism institutionalism
Senate rejection of US bases treaty (Philippines 1991) ph_us_bases_rejection_1991	1991-09	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	classical_liberal social_democratic
Philippine VAT introduction — EO 273 (1987) ph_vat_ra_eo_273_1987	1987-07	↓↑↑	tax progressivity↓spending level↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal social_democratic
Philippines Visiting Forces Agreement and Balikatan continuation (2002-2010) ph_vfa_balikatan_continuation_2002_2010	2002-01	↑—	spending level↑rule of law—	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist developmentalism social_democratic
Philippines WTO accession 1995 ph_wto_accession_1995	1995-01	↑↑	trade openness↑property rights↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Philippines Coconut Levy 1973 philippines_coconut_levy_1973	1965	↓↓↓↑	sectoral licensing↓rule of law↓property rights↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal
Philippines Imf Standby 1984 philippines_imf_standby_1984	1965	↓↓↓↑	sectoral licensing↓rule of law↓property rights↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal
Philippines Martial Law Economic Decrees 1972 philippines_martial_law_economic_decrees_1972	1965	↓↓↓↑	sectoral licensing↓rule of law↓property rights↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal
Philippines Peso Devaluations 1983 1984 philippines_peso_devaluations_1983_1984	1965	↓↓↓↑	sectoral licensing↓rule of law↓property rights↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal
Philippines Philsucom Sugar Monopoly 1976 philippines_philsucom_sugar_monopoly_1976	1965	↓↓↓↑	sectoral licensing↓rule of law↓property rights↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism institutionalism classical_liberal
Pakistan 13th and 14th Constitutional Amendments (1997) pk_13th_14th_amendments_1997	1997-07	—↓	rule of law—judicial independence↓	classical_liberal developmentalism austrian
Pakistan 18th Constitutional Amendment 2010 pk_18th_constitutional_amendment_2010	2010-04	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal new_keynesian
Pakistan 12 October 1999 military coup pk_1999_military_coup	1999-10	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	classical_liberal developmentalism austrian
26th Constitutional Amendment — judicial restructuring (Pakistan, 2024) pk_26th_amendment_2024	2024-10	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	classical_liberal new_keynesian developmentalism social_democratic
Pakistan 7th National Finance Commission Award 2009 pk_7th_nfc_award_2009	2009-12	↑↑	spending level↑rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal new_keynesian
Pakistan 8th Amendment presidential dismissal precedent 1990 pk_8th_amendment_dismissal_precedent_1990	1990-08	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Pakistan 8th Amendment dismissal of second Benazir government 1996 pk_8th_amendment_dismissal_precedent_1996	1996-11	↓	rule of law↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Pakistan 9/11 pivot and US counter-terror alliance (2001) pk_9_11_pivot_nato_alliance_2001	2001-09	↑↑	trade openness↑spending level↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
Afghan jihad support and Pakistan-as-frontline-state (1979-1988) pk_afghan_jihad_support_1979_1988	1979-12	↑↑↓	spending level↑trade openness↑rule of law↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) 2008 pk_benazir_income_support_programme_2008	2008-07	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal new_keynesian
Pakistan Benazir Bhutto assassination (2007) pk_bhutto_assassination_2007	2007-12	↓	rule of law↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
Pakistan Chagai nuclear tests (1998) pk_chagai_nuclear_tests_1998	1998-05	↓↓↑	trade openness↓property rights↓spending level↑	classical_liberal developmentalism austrian
Circular Debt Energy Crisis 2008 2013 pk_circular_debt_energy_crisis_2008_2013	2008	↑—↑↑	rule of law↑property rights—transfer expansion↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal new_keynesian
Ehsaas COVID Emergency Cash (Pakistan, 2020) pk_covid_emergency_cash_2020	2020-04	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic new_keynesian classical_liberal developmentalism
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor — Phase 1 launch (2015) pk_cpec_launch_2015	2015-04	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↑trade openness↑	classical_liberal developmentalism new_keynesian democratic_socialist
Partial denationalisation under Zia (Pakistan 1977-1982) pk_denationalisation_partial_1977_1982	1977	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Ehsaas Programme — integrated social-protection architecture (2019) pk_ehsaas_programme_2019	2019-03	↑↑	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑	social_democratic new_keynesian classical_liberal developmentalism
Pakistan 3 November 2007 emergency / PCO and judicial purge pk_emergency_3_november_2007	2007-11	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
Pakistan Enforcement of Shariat Act 1991 pk_enforcement_of_shariat_act_1991	1991-06	↓	rule of law↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
FBR Track-and-Trace and POS integration (2020) pk_fbr_track_and_trace_2020	2020-07	↑↑	tax progressivity↑product market competition↑	social_democratic new_keynesian classical_liberal developmentalism
Federal Shariat Court establishment (Pakistan 1980) pk_federal_shariat_court_1980	1980-05	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Pakistan foreign-currency account freeze (1998) pk_foreign_currency_account_freeze_1998	1998-05	↓↓↓	property rights↓financial deregulation↓central bank independence↓	classical_liberal developmentalism austrian
Gas Infrastructure Development Cess (GIDC) Act 2015 pk_gidc_cess_2015	2015-05	↓↓	sectoral subsidy↓tax progressivity↓	classical_liberal developmentalism new_keynesian democratic_socialist
GST rate widening and withholding expansion (Pakistan, 2013-2017) pk_gst_widening_2013_2017	2013-06	↓↓	tax progressivity↓spending level↓	classical_liberal developmentalism new_keynesian democratic_socialist
Hudood Ordinances (Pakistan 1979) pk_hudood_ordinances_1979	1979-02	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Pakistan IMF Extended Fund Facility (1980-1983) pk_imf_eff_1980_1983	1980-11	↓↑—	spending level↓trade openness↑central bank independence—	classical_liberal developmentalism
Pakistan IMF Extended Fund Facility 1994 pk_imf_eff_1994	1994-02	↓↑	spending level↓financial deregulation↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
IMF Extended Fund Facility — Pakistan $6.64bn (2013) pk_imf_eff_6bn_2013	2013-09	↓↓↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↓central bank independence↑	classical_liberal developmentalism new_keynesian democratic_socialist
IMF Extended Fund Facility — Pakistan $6bn (2019) pk_imf_eff_6bn_2019	2019-07	↓↓↑↓	spending level↓sectoral subsidy↓central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓	social_democratic new_keynesian classical_liberal developmentalism
IMF Extended Fund Facility — Pakistan $7bn (2024) pk_imf_eff_7bn_2024	2024-09	↓↑↓↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↑sectoral subsidy↓product market competition↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian developmentalism social_democratic
Pakistan IMF Structural Adjustment Facility 1988 pk_imf_saf_1988	1988-12	↓↑	spending level↓trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Imf Sba 2008 2011 pk_imf_sba_2008_2011	2008	↑—↑↑	rule of law↑property rights—transfer expansion↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal new_keynesian
IMF Stand-By Arrangement — Pakistan $3bn (2023) pk_imf_sba_3bn_2023	2023-07	↓↓↑	spending level↓sectoral subsidy↓trade openness↑	classical_liberal new_keynesian developmentalism social_democratic
Islamic banking / profit-loss-sharing framework (Pakistan 1981) pk_islamic_banking_framework_1981	1981-01	↓↓	financial deregulation↓rule of law↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Pakistan Kargil War (1999) pk_kargil_war_1999	1999-05	↓↓	rule of law↓trade openness↓	classical_liberal developmentalism austrian
Pakistan Lawyers' Movement (Vakeelo'n ki Tehreek, 2007-2009) pk_lawyers_movement_2007_2009	2007-03	↑↑	judicial independence↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
Pakistan Legal Framework Order and 17th Constitutional Amendment (2002-2003) pk_legal_framework_order_17th_amendment_2002	2002-08	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
Pakistan Motorway M-1/M-2 construction initiation 1992 pk_motorway_m1_m2_initiation_1992	1992-09	↑	spending level↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Pakistan Motorway M-2 Lahore-Islamabad (1997) pk_motorway_m2_lahore_islamabad_1997	1997-11	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal developmentalism austrian
National Action Plan on terrorism (2014) pk_national_action_plan_2014	2014-12	—↓	rule of law—judicial independence↓	classical_liberal developmentalism new_keynesian democratic_socialist
Pakistan National Reconciliation Ordinance (2007) pk_national_reconciliation_ordinance_2007	2007-10	↓↑	rule of law↓judicial independence↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
Naya Pakistan Housing — low-cost mortgage markup subsidy (2019) pk_naya_pakistan_housing_2019	2019-10	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑financial deregulation↓	social_democratic new_keynesian classical_liberal developmentalism
Vote of no-confidence removing Imran Khan (2022) pk_no_confidence_vote_2022	2022-04	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	social_democratic new_keynesian classical_liberal developmentalism
Prevention of Electronic Crimes (Amendment) Act 2025 (Peca) pk_peca_amendment_2025	2025-01	↓↓	rule of law↓product market competition↓	classical_liberal new_keynesian developmentalism social_democratic
Pakistan International Airlines privatisation attempt (2024) pk_pia_privatisation_2024	2024-10	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	classical_liberal new_keynesian developmentalism social_democratic
Pakistan 1994 Power Policy — Independent Power Producers framework pk_power_policy_ipp_1994	1994-03	↓↑↑	sectoral licensing↓sectoral subsidy↑property rights↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Power-tariff hikes and circular-debt management (Pakistan, 2023-2024) pk_power_tariff_hikes_2023_2024	2023-07	↓↓—	sectoral subsidy↓tax progressivity↓energy supply security—	classical_liberal new_keynesian developmentalism social_democratic
Pakistan Privatisation Commission and bank privatisation 1991-1993 pk_privatisation_commission_1991	1991	↑↑↓	financial deregulation↑property rights↑sectoral licensing↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Pakistan Protection of Economic Reforms Act 1992 pk_protection_of_economic_reforms_1992	1992-07	↑↑	property rights↑financial deregulation↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Pakistan Shaukat Aziz privatisation programme and PTCL sale (1999-2006) pk_shaukat_aziz_privatisation_ptcl_2005	2006-04	↑↑↓	product market competition↑trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist austrian social_democratic
Special Investment Facilitation Council (SIFC) (2023) pk_sifc_2023	2023-06	↑↑—	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↑rule of law—	classical_liberal new_keynesian developmentalism social_democratic
Sixth Five-Year Plan (Pakistan 1983-1988) pk_sixth_five_year_plan_1983_1988	1983	↑↑	spending level↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Zakat and Ushr Ordinance (Pakistan 1980) pk_zakat_ushr_ordinance_1980	1980-06	↑↑	transfer expansion↑tax capital↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Operation Zarb-e-Azb — North Waziristan counter-terrorism (2014) pk_zarb_e_azb_2014	2014-06	↑↓	rule of law↑judicial independence↓	classical_liberal developmentalism new_keynesian democratic_socialist
13Th 14Th Pension 2019 2022 pl_13th_14th_pension_2019_2022	2017	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑tax progressivity↑sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Rodzina 500+ universal child benefit (Poland, 2016) pl_500_plus_child_benefit_2016	2016-04	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
800+ child benefit indexation (Poland, 2024) pl_800_plus_child_benefit_2024	2024-01	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Balcerowicz Plan — Polish shock therapy 1990 pl_balcerowicz_plan_1990	1990-01	↑↑↓↓	product market competition↑trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓spending level↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian market_socialist
Bank Asset Tax 2016 pl_bank_asset_tax_2016	2015	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑tax progressivity↑sectoral licensing↓	social_democratic developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Becikowe one-off childbirth grant 2006 pl_becikowe_childbirth_grant_2006	2006-01	↑	transfer expansion↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Bodnar Judicial Restoration 2024 pl_bodnar_judicial_restoration_2024	2023	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑environmental stringency↑trade openness↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Central Anticorruption Bureau (CBA) established 2006 pl_cba_anticorruption_bureau_2006	2006-07	↑↓	rule of law↑judicial independence↓	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Coal Energy Transition Stance 2017 2023 pl_coal_energy_transition_stance_2017_2023	2017	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑tax progressivity↑sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Constitutional Tribunal Crisis 2015 2016 pl_constitutional_tribunal_crisis_2015_2016	2015	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑tax progressivity↑sectoral licensing↓	social_democratic developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Defence Spending 4Pct Gdp 2024 pl_defence_spending_4pct_gdp_2024	2023	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑environmental stringency↑trade openness↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Disability-pension contribution cut 2007-2008 pl_disability_contribution_cut_2007	2007	↓↑	tax progressivity↓spending level↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Polish EU accession 2004 pl_eu_accession_2004	2004-05	↑↑↑	trade openness↑immigration openness↑rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Euro 2012 infrastructure programme pl_euro_2012_infrastructure	2008-01	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	institutionalism austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism
Polish EU-membership application and Europe Agreement 1994 pl_europe_agreement_application_1994	1994-04	↑	trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist ordoliberal
Polish Gdańsk Agreement — legalisation of Solidarność 1980 pl_gdansk_agreement_1980	1980-08	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑rule of law↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist
Polish Gierek 'big push' Western-debt-financed investment drive 1971-1976 pl_gierek_western_debt_investment_drive_1971	1971	↑↑	spending level↑trade openness↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist
Hausner fiscal-consolidation plan 2003-2004 pl_hausner_plan_2003	2003	↓↓	spending level↓transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Polish IMF Flexible Credit Line 2009 pl_imf_flexible_credit_line_2009	2009-05	↑—	financial deregulation↑central bank independence—	institutionalism austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism
Poland judicial reforms — Supreme Court, KRS, Disciplinary Chamber (2017-2020) pl_judicial_reforms_supreme_court_krs_2017_2020	2017-12	↓↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓property rights↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Kasy chorych health-insurance funds 1999 pl_kasy_chorych_health_1999	1999-01	↑↑	rule of law↑sectoral licensing↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal austrian democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian ordoliberal post_keynesian social_democratic marxist_leninist
Kołodko Strategy for Poland 1994 pl_kolodko_strategy_for_poland_1994	1994-06	↑—	transfer expansion↑spending level—	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist ordoliberal
Lustration law 2006 pl_lustration_law_2006	2006-10	↓—	judicial independence↓rule of law—	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Polish martial law — stan wojenny December 1981 pl_martial_law_december_1981	1981-12	↓↓	rule of law↓labour market flexibility↓	institutionalism developmentalism marxist_leninist empirical_pragmatist austrian classical_liberal democratic_socialist market_socialist marxian new_keynesian eco_socialist post_keynesian social_democratic
Polish Mass Privatisation Programme blueprint 1991-1993 pl_mass_privatisation_programme_blueprint_1991	1993-04	↑↑	property rights↑product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Polish NATO accession 1999 pl_nato_accession_1999	1999-03	↑↑	trade openness↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal austrian democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian ordoliberal post_keynesian social_democratic marxist_leninist
Nbp Rate Cycle 2020 2023 pl_nbp_rate_cycle_2020_2023	2017	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑tax progressivity↑sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Polish NIF mass-privatisation programme 1995 pl_nif_mass_privatisation_1995	1995-11	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist ordoliberal
Polish OFE pension-pillar transfer 2014 pl_ofe_transfer_2014	2014-02	↓↓	spending level↓property rights↓	institutionalism austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism
Polish Pact on State Enterprise in Transition 1993 pl_pact_on_state_enterprise_1993	1993-02	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Polish Paris Club debt agreement 1991 pl_paris_club_agreement_1991	1991-04	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Polish three-pillar pension reform 1997-1999 pl_pension_reform_1997_1999	1998-08	↓↑	transfer expansion↓property rights↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist ordoliberal
Three-pillar pension reform 1999 pl_pension_reform_three_pillar_1999	1999-01	↓↑	transfer expansion↓financial deregulation↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal austrian democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian ordoliberal post_keynesian social_democratic marxist_leninist
Polish PIT bracket reduction 2009 pl_pit_bracket_reduction_2009	2009-01	↓↑	tax progressivity↓transfer expansion↑	institutionalism austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism
Polski Ład (New Order) PIT and health-contribution reform (Poland, 2022) pl_polski_lad_tax_reform_2022	2022-01	↑↑	tax progressivity↑spending level↑	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Polish popiwek wage-brake tax 1990 pl_popiwek_wage_tax_1990	1990-01	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓central bank independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Polish 1976 food-price hike attempt and Radom/Ursus worker riots pl_price_hikes_1976_radom_ursus	1976-06	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↓	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist
Polish privatisation law 1990 pl_privatisation_law_1990	1990-07	↑↑	property rights↑product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Public Media Restructure 2023 2024 pl_public_media_restructure_2023_2024	2023	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑environmental stringency↑trade openness↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Retail Turnover Tax 2016 pl_retail_turnover_tax_2016	2015	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑tax progressivity↑sectoral licensing↓	social_democratic developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Polish retirement-age rise to 67 (2012) pl_retirement_age_67_2012	2012-05	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	institutionalism austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic developmentalism
Poland retirement-age reversal to 60/65 (2017) pl_retirement_age_reversal_2017	2016-11	↑↓	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Polish Round Table Agreement April 1989 pl_round_table_agreement_1989	1989-04	↑↑	rule of law↑labour market flexibility↑	institutionalism developmentalism marxist_leninist empirical_pragmatist austrian classical_liberal democratic_socialist market_socialist marxian new_keynesian eco_socialist post_keynesian social_democratic
Poland EU Recovery and Resilience Facility unblocking + Article 7 closure (2024) pl_rrf_unblocking_rule_of_law_milestones_2024	2024-02	↑↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑trade openness↑	classical_liberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism
Rywin affair 2002-2003 pl_rywin_affair_2003	2002-12	↓	rule of law↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Polish 'Small Constitution' 1992 pl_small_constitution_1992	1992-10	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic market_socialist democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Territorial and administrative reform (16 voivodeships) 1999 pl_territorial_reform_16_voivodeships_1999	1999-01	↑↑	rule of law↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal austrian democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian ordoliberal post_keynesian social_democratic marxist_leninist
Polish 'three S' economic reform (samodzielność, samofinansowanie, samorządność) 1986-1987 pl_three_s_reform_1986	1986	↑↑	product market competition↑monetary expansion direction↑	institutionalism developmentalism marxist_leninist empirical_pragmatist austrian classical_liberal democratic_socialist market_socialist marxian new_keynesian eco_socialist post_keynesian social_democratic
Polish zloty devaluation and price reform February 1982 pl_zloty_devaluation_price_reform_1982	1982-02	↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑product market competition↑	institutionalism developmentalism marxist_leninist empirical_pragmatist austrian classical_liberal democratic_socialist market_socialist marxian new_keynesian eco_socialist post_keynesian social_democratic
Polish zloty redenomination 1995 pl_zloty_redenomination_1995	1995-01	↑	central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist marxian marxist_leninist ordoliberal
Papua New Guinea independence constitution 1975 png_independence_constitution_1975	1975	↑~	rule of law↑property rights~	developmentalism institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Papua New Guinea LNG project agreement 2008 png_lng_project_agreement_2008	2008	↑↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Papua New Guinea Mining Act 1992 png_mining_act_1992	1992	↑~	sectoral licensing↑property rights~	developmentalism institutionalism empirical_pragmatist
Balcerowicz Plan — Poland shock therapy 1990 poland_balcerowicz_shock_therapy_1990	1990-01	↑↑↓↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓central bank independence↑property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Portugal 1976 Constitution Socialist Clauses portugal_1976_constitution_socialist_clauses	1974	↑↓~~	sectoral licensing↑property rights↓trade openness~spending level~	marxian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Portugal Agrarian Reform 1975 portugal_agrarian_reform_1975	1974	↑↓~~	sectoral licensing↑property rights↓trade openness~spending level~	marxian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Portugal Bank Nationalisations 1975 portugal_bank_nationalisations_1975	1974	↑↓~~	sectoral licensing↑property rights↓trade openness~spending level~	marxian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Portugal Banco de Portugal independence 1998 (Law 5/98) portugal_bdp_independence_1998	1998-01	↑	central bank independence↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
Portugal Constitutional Revision 1989 — privatisation enablement portugal_constitutional_revision_privatisation_1989	1989-07	↑↑	property rights↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Portugal Rede Nacional de Educação Pré-Escolar 1997 portugal_education_pre_school_network_1997	1997-02	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
Portugal EEC accession 1 January 1986 portugal_eec_accession_1986	1986-01	↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Portugal Eec Accession Treaty 1985 portugal_eec_accession_treaty_1985	1974	↑↓~~	sectoral licensing↑property rights↓trade openness~spending level~	marxian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Portugal escudo ERM entry 1992 portugal_escudo_erm_entry_1992	1992-04	↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Portugal euro entry 1 January 1999 portugal_euro_entry_1999	1999-01	↑↑	central bank independence↑rule of law↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
Portugal Expo '98 Lisbon infrastructure programme portugal_expo_98_lisbon_infrastructure	1998-05	↑	sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
Portugal Imf Standby 1977 1978 portugal_imf_standby_1977_1978	1974	↑↓~~	sectoral licensing↑property rights↓trade openness~spending level~	marxian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Portugal Imf Standby 1983 1985 portugal_imf_standby_1983_1985	1974	↑↓~~	sectoral licensing↑property rights↓trade openness~spending level~	marxian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Portugal Industrial Nationalisations 1975 portugal_industrial_nationalisations_1975	1974	↑↓~~	sectoral licensing↑property rights↓trade openness~spending level~	marxian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Portugal labour-code revision 1989 (Decree-Law 64-A/89) portugal_labour_code_revision_1989	1989-02	↑	labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Portugal privatisations 1990-1995 (Framework Law 11/90) portugal_privatisations_framework_1990_1995	1990-04	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Portugal RMG (Rendimento Mínimo Garantido) 1996 portugal_rmg_minimum_income_1996	1996-06	↑	transfer expansion↑	social_democratic ordoliberal
Portugal Troika (EU-ECB-IMF) Programme 2011-2014 portugal_troika_programme_2011_2014	2011-05	↓↑↑	spending level↓labour market flexibility↑product market competition↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian democratic_socialist
Portugal VAT introduction 1 January 1986 portugal_vat_introduction_1986	1986-01	↓↑	tax progressivity↓spending level↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Paraguay Carbon Credit Market Law 7190 2023 pry_carbon_credit_market_law_7190_2023	2023	↑↑↑	environmental stringency↑property rights↑sectoral licensing↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Paraguay Hambre Cero School Feeding Law 2024 pry_hambre_cero_school_feeding_2024	2024	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Paraguay Integrity Transparency and Anticorruption Law 7389 2024 pry_integrity_transparency_anticorruption_law_7389_2024	2024	↑	rule of law↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Paraguay Pension Superintendency Law 7235 2023 pry_pension_superintendency_law_7235_2023	2023	↑↑	financial deregulation↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Palestinian Basic Law and 2003 amendment pse_basic_law_2002_2003	2002-05	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	—
Palestine Monetary Authority and banking-law framework 1997-2010 pse_monetary_authority_banking_framework_1997_2010	1997	↑↑↑	central bank independence↑financial deregulation↑rule of law↑	—
Palestine Public Procurement Law 2014 pse_public_procurement_law_2014	2014	↑↑	rule of law↑product market competition↑	—
Barroso Programa de Estabilidade e Crescimento pt_austerity_programme_2003	2003	↓↓	spending level↓tax progressivity↓	ordoliberal classical_liberal
Portuguese Código do Trabalho 2003 pt_codigo_do_trabalho_2003	2003-08	↑	labour market flexibility↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal
Construir Portugal Housing Rollback 2024 pt_construir_portugal_housing_rollback_2024	2024	↓~↑↓	tax corporate↓tax progressivity~spending level↑immigration openness↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist
Defence Spending Nato 2 Percent Trajectory 2024 pt_defence_spending_nato_2_percent_trajectory_2024	2024	↓~↑↓	tax corporate↓tax progressivity~spending level↑immigration openness↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist
Golden Visa Real Estate Rollback 2023 pt_golden_visa_real_estate_rollback_2023	2015	↑↑↑↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal democratic_socialist
Iraq Azores Summit 2003 pt_iraq_azores_summit_2003	2002	↑↓↓	labour market flexibility↑spending level↓tax progressivity↓	ordoliberal classical_liberal
Irc Corporate Rate Reduction 2024 pt_irc_corporate_rate_reduction_2024	2024	↓~↑↓	tax corporate↓tax progressivity~spending level↑immigration openness↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist
Irs Jovem 2023 pt_irs_jovem_2023	2015	↑↑↑↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal democratic_socialist
Portugal IRS Jovem expansion (OE2025) pt_irs_jovem_expansion_2024	2024-12	↑↑	tax progressivity↑spending level↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist
Iva Rise 2002 pt_iva_rise_2002	2002	↑↓↓	labour market flexibility↑spending level↓tax progressivity↓	ordoliberal classical_liberal
Iva Rise 2005 pt_iva_rise_2005	2005	↓↓↓↑	spending level↓transfer expansion↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Iva Vat Hike 2011 pt_iva_vat_hike_2011	2011	↓↓↑↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↓labour market flexibility↑product market competition↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian democratic_socialist
Portugal Labour Code Reform (Lei 23/2012) pt_labour_reform_lei_23_2012	2012-06	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian democratic_socialist
Lisbon Treaty Signing 2007 pt_lisbon_treaty_signing_2007	2005	↓↓↓↑	spending level↓transfer expansion↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Magalhaes Laptop Programme 2008 pt_magalhaes_laptop_programme_2008	2005	↓↓↓↑	spending level↓transfer expansion↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Portugal Mais Habitação housing package (Lei 56/2023) pt_mais_habitacao_housing_package_2023	2023-10	↑↓↓	sectoral licensing↑immigration openness↓property rights↓	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal democratic_socialist
Portugal end of manifestações de interesse regularisation channel 2024 pt_migration_regularisation_end_2024	2024-06	↓↑	immigration openness↓rule of law↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist
Portugal statutory minimum wage (RMMG) trajectory 2015-2024 pt_minimum_wage_trajectory_2015_2024	2016-01	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal democratic_socialist
Novas Oportunidades adult-education programme pt_novas_oportunidades_adult_ed_2005	2005	↑	spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Pension Freeze Cga Convergence 2011 2014 pt_pension_freeze_cga_convergence_2011_2014	2011	↓↓↑↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↓labour market flexibility↑product market competition↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian democratic_socialist
Sustainability factor in Portuguese public pensions pt_pension_sustainability_factor_2007	2007-01	↓	transfer expansion↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal
Portugal Troika-era privatisations: EDP, REN, ANA, CTT, TAP initiation pt_privatisations_edp_ren_ana_ctt_2011_2014	2011-12	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓property rights↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian democratic_socialist
Prr Ngeu Implementation 2021 2026 pt_prr_ngeu_implementation_2021_2026	2015	↑↑↑↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal democratic_socialist
Public Wage Cuts 2011 2014 pt_public_wage_cuts_2011_2014	2011	↓↓↑↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↓labour market flexibility↑product market competition↑	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian democratic_socialist
Public Wage Pension Reversal 2016 2018 pt_public_wage_pension_reversal_2016_2018	2015	↑↑↑↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal democratic_socialist
Sns Direcao Executiva 2022 pt_sns_direcao_executiva_2022	2015	↑↑↑↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal democratic_socialist
Qatar minimum wage and job-mobility labour reforms qatar_labour_reforms_minimum_wage_kafala_2020	2020-08	~↑↑	labour market flexibility~rule of law↑immigration openness↑	—
Qatar North Field LNG expansion qatar_north_field_expansion_2021_2030	2021	↑↑~	sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↑environmental stringency~	—
Qatar Third National Development Strategy 2024-2030 qatar_third_national_development_strategy_2024	2024	↑↑↑	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency↑	—
Romania 2025 fiscal consolidation package under EU deficit pressure ro_2025_consolidation_package	2025	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal austrian
Romania defence-spending ramp after the Ukraine-security shock (2025) ro_defence_spending_ramp_2025	2025	↑	spending level↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal austrian
Romania judicial and special-pensions reform (2025) ro_judicial_special_pensions_reform_2025	2025	↓↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓spending level↓judicial independence↑rule of law↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal austrian
Romanian Land Law (Law 18/1991) ro_land_restitution_law_18_1991	1991-02	↑↑	property rights↑product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic austrian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist democratic_socialist
Romanian Mineriade 1990-1991 ro_mineriade_1990_1991	1990-06	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic austrian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist democratic_socialist
Romanian partial price liberalisation 1990-1991 ro_partial_price_liberalisation_1990_1991	1990-11	↑	product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic austrian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist democratic_socialist
Romanian privatisation law (Law 58/1991) ro_privatisation_law_58_1991	1991-08	↑↑	property rights↑product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic austrian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist democratic_socialist
Romania RRF milestone recovery and reform-compliance drive (2025) ro_rrf_milestone_recovery_2025	2025	↑↑↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑spending level↑trade openness↑	ordoliberal classical_liberal austrian
Romanian Văcăroiu stabilisation 1993-1995 ro_vacaroiu_stabilisation_1993_1995	1993-12	↓↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic austrian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist democratic_socialist
Russian 1993 constitution referendum ru_1993_constitution_referendum	1993-12	↓↑	rule of law↓judicial independence↑	austrian developmentalism new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism post_keynesian
Beslan school siege 2004 ru_beslan_school_siege_2004	2004-09	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism marxian marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal post_keynesian social_democratic classical_liberal
Russian wartime capital controls 2022 ru_capital_controls_war_2022	2022-02	↑↑	financial deregulation↑central bank independence↑	democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal post_keynesian institutionalism social_democratic
Bank of Russia high-key-rate disinflation regime 2024-2026 ru_cbr_high_rate_regime_2024	2024-10	↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑	marxist_leninist developmentalism classical_liberal austrian
Russian 2020 constitutional amendments ru_constitutional_amendments_2020	2020-07	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal post_keynesian institutionalism social_democratic
Russian counter-sanctions food-import ban 2014 ru_counter_sanctions_food_ban_2014	2014-08	↓↑	trade openness↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic
Russian annexation of Crimea 2014 ru_crimea_annexation_2014	2014-03	↓↓↓	rule of law↓trade openness↓property rights↓	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic
Federal districts and presidential envoys 2000 ru_federal_districts_2000	2000-05	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism marxian marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal post_keynesian social_democratic classical_liberal
First Chechen War 1994-1996 ru_first_chechen_war_1994_1996	1994-12	↓↑	rule of law↓spending level↑	austrian developmentalism new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism post_keynesian
13 percent flat personal income tax 2001 ru_flat_tax_13_percent_2001	2001-01	↓	tax progressivity↓	developmentalism marxian marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal post_keynesian social_democratic classical_liberal
Russia continuation of temporary management of foreign-owned assets ru_foreign_assets_nationalisation_continuation	2024-12	↓↓↓	property rights↓product market competition↓trade openness↓	marxist_leninist developmentalism classical_liberal austrian
Russian Gaidar price liberalisation 1992 ru_gaidar_price_liberalisation_1992	1992-01	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	austrian developmentalism new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism post_keynesian
Russia-Georgia war and recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia 2008 ru_georgia_war_2008	2008-08	↓↑	rule of law↓spending level↑	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal
Russian GFC Reserve Fund drawdown 2008-2009 ru_gfc_reserve_fund_drawdown_2008_2009	2008-10	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal
Russian GKO default and rouble devaluation 1998 ru_gko_default_1998	1998-08	↑↓↓	monetary expansion direction↑rule of law↓financial deregulation↓	austrian developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism eco_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic
Abolition of direct gubernatorial elections 2004 ru_gubernatorial_election_abolition_2004	2004-12	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
Kursk submarine disaster 2000 ru_kursk_disaster_2000	2000-08	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism marxian marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal post_keynesian social_democratic classical_liberal
Russian loans-for-shares scheme 1995-1996 ru_loans_for_shares_1995_1996	1995-08	↓↓↓	property rights↓rule of law↓product market competition↓	austrian developmentalism new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism post_keynesian
Loans-for-shares aftermath and 'seven bankers' 1996-1997 ru_loans_for_shares_aftermath_1996	1996	↓↑	property rights↓financial deregulation↑	austrian developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism eco_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic
Putin May decrees 2012 ru_may_decrees_2012	2012-05	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic
Medvedev succession and tandem preparation 2007-2008 ru_medvedev_tandem_prep_2007_2008	2007-12	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
National Priority Projects 2005 ru_national_priority_projects_2005	2005-09	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
Russian partial mobilisation 2022 ru_partial_mobilisation_2022	2022-09	↓↑	rule of law↓spending level↑	democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal post_keynesian institutionalism social_democratic
Russian pension-age reform 2018 ru_pension_age_reform_2018	2018-10	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic
Russian presidential term extension to 6 years 2008 ru_presidential_term_extension_2008	2008-12	↓	rule of law↓	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal
Prigozhin Wagner mutiny 2023 ru_prigozhin_mutiny_2023	2023-06	↓↓	rule of law↓sectoral subsidy↓	democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal post_keynesian institutionalism social_democratic
Primakov government stabilisation 1998-1999 ru_primakov_stabilisation_1998_1999	1998-09	↓↓	spending level↓trade openness↓	austrian developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism eco_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic
Russia 2025 progressive income-tax and profit-tax reform ru_progressive_tax_reform_2025	2024-07	↑↑↑	tax progressivity↑tax corporate↑spending level↑	marxist_leninist developmentalism classical_liberal austrian
Rosneft absorption of Yuganskneftegaz 2004 ru_rosneft_yuganskneftegaz_2004	2004-12	↓↑	property rights↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
Russian rouble internal convertibility 1992 ru_rouble_convertibility_1992	1992-07	↑↑	trade openness↑central bank independence↑	austrian developmentalism new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism post_keynesian
Russian rouble free-float and emergency rate hike 2014 ru_rouble_floating_2014	2014-11	↑↓	central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic
Skolkovo Innovation Centre 2010 ru_skolkovo_innovation_2010	2010-09	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal
Stabilisation Fund split into Reserve Fund and National Wealth Fund 2008 ru_stabilisation_fund_split_2008	2008-02	↑↓	rule of law↑spending level↓	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
Russian military intervention in Syria 2015 ru_syria_intervention_2015	2015-09	↑↓	spending level↑rule of law↓	developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic
Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine 2022 ru_ukraine_full_scale_invasion_2022	2022-02	↓↓↑	rule of law↓trade openness↓spending level↑	democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal post_keynesian institutionalism social_democratic
Russian VAT standard rate rise 2019 ru_vat_rise_2019	2019-01	↓↑	tax progressivity↓spending level↑	democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism developmentalism classical_liberal ordoliberal post_keynesian institutionalism social_democratic
Russian voucher privatisation 1992-1994 ru_voucher_privatisation_1992_1994	1992-10	↑↑	property rights↑product market competition↑	austrian developmentalism new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism post_keynesian
Russia 2025-2027 federal budget war-economy normalization ru_war_economy_normalization_2024	2024-11	↑↑↓	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓	marxist_leninist developmentalism classical_liberal austrian
Russian WTO accession 2011-2012 ru_wto_accession_2011_2012	2012-08	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal
Yeltsin-Gaidar shock therapy + voucher privatisation (Russia, 1992-1994) ru_yeltsin_gaidar_shock_therapy_1992	1992	↓↓↑↑	sectoral subsidy↓central bank independence↓product market competition↑trade openness↑	austrian developmentalism new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist democratic_socialist eco_socialist institutionalism post_keynesian
Yeltsin resignation and Putin acting-presidency 1999 ru_yeltsin_resignation_1999	1999-12	↓	rule of law↓	austrian developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism eco_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic
Yukos affair — Khodorkovsky arrest and Yuganskneftegaz 2003-2004 ru_yukos_affair_2003	2003-10	↓↓↑	property rights↓judicial independence↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism marxian marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal post_keynesian social_democratic classical_liberal
Russia — Gaidar shock therapy 1992 russia_gaidar_shock_therapy_1992	1992-01	↑↑↓↓	product market competition↑trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓central bank independence↓	—
Rwanda external intervention in eastern DRC 2024 rw_drc_m23_external_intervention_2024	2024	↓↓↓	rule of law↓property rights↓trade openness↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Kigali International Financial Centre buildout rw_kigali_financial_centre_buildout	2020	↓↑↓	financial deregulation↓trade openness↑tax capital↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Made in Rwanda industrial policy rw_made_in_rwanda_industrial_policy	2017	↑↓~	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓product market competition~	developmentalism classical_liberal
Rwanda Vision 2050 continuation under NST2 rw_vision_2050_continuation_2024	2024	↑↑~	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑rule of law~	developmentalism classical_liberal
Rwanda Imihigo Performance Contracts 2006 rwanda_imihigo_performance_contracts_2006	1994	↑↑~↑	product market competition↑property rights↑rule of law~trade openness↑	developmentalism institutionalism
Rwanda Land Tenure Regularisation 2008 rwanda_land_tenure_regularisation_2008	1994	↑↑~↑	product market competition↑property rights↑rule of law~trade openness↑	developmentalism institutionalism
Rwanda Mutuelles De Sante 1999 rwanda_mutuelles_de_sante_1999	1994	↑↑~↑	product market competition↑property rights↑rule of law~trade openness↑	developmentalism institutionalism
Rwanda Rdb One Stop Shop 2008 rwanda_rdb_one_stop_shop_2008	1994	↑↑~↑	product market competition↑property rights↑rule of law~trade openness↑	developmentalism institutionalism
Rwanda Vision 2020 Plan rwanda_vision_2020_plan	1994	↑↑~↑	product market competition↑property rights↑rule of law~trade openness↑	developmentalism institutionalism
Saudi 1994 austerity budget sa_1994_austerity_budget	1994-01	↓↓	spending level↓sectoral subsidy↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Arab Spring $130bn counter-package sa_arab_spring_counter_package_2011	2011-03	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism
Saudi Aramco partial IPO sa_aramco_ipo_2019	2019-12	↓↑	financial deregulation↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Saudi Basic Law of Governance and Shura Council 1992 sa_basic_law_shura_1992	1992-03	↑↑	rule of law↑property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Saudi Capital Market Law (Royal Decree M/30) sa_capital_market_law_2003	2003-07	↓↑↓	financial deregulation↓rule of law↑sectoral licensing↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic democratic_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian ordoliberal eco_socialist
Female driving ban lifted sa_driving_ban_lifted_2018	2018-06	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Saudi Foreign Investment Law (Royal Decree M/1) sa_foreign_investment_law_2000	2000-04	↑↓↑	trade openness↑sectoral licensing↓property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic democratic_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian ordoliberal eco_socialist
Saudi Government Development Bonds 1988 sa_government_development_bonds_1988	1988	↑↑	spending level↑central bank independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Post-Grand-Mosque religious establishment empowerment 1979-1980 sa_grand_mosque_religious_empowerment_1979	1979	↓↓	rule of law↓product market competition↓	developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist institutionalism market_socialist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Saudi Gulf War citizen bonus package 1990-91 sa_gulf_war_citizen_bonus_1991	1990	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Saudi Gulf War coalition financing (1990-1991) sa_gulf_war_coalition_contribution_1990_1991	1990	↑	spending level↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
KAUST founding sa_kaust_founding_2009	2009-09	↑↑	product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	developmentalism
Jamal Khashoggi killing and aftermath sa_khashoggi_killing_2018	2018-10	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
NEOM giga-project announcement sa_neom_announcement_2017	2017-10	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Nitaqat Saudisation programme sa_nitaqat_saudisation_2011	2011-06	↓↓	labour market flexibility↓immigration openness↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
OPEC+ price war and supply-discipline pivot sa_opec_plus_strategy_2020_2022	2020-03	↓↑	trade openness↓energy supply security↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
GCC Qatar blockade and Al-Ula reconciliation sa_qatar_blockade_2017_2021	2017-06	↓	trade openness↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Ritz-Carlton anti-corruption detentions sa_ritz_carlton_detentions_2017	2017-11	↓↓↓	judicial independence↓property rights↓rule of law↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Saudi riyal USD peg formalisation 1986 sa_riyal_peg_formalisation_1986	1986-06	↑↓	central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic empirical_pragmatist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
SABIC founding 1976 sa_sabic_founding_1976	1976-09	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↓	developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist institutionalism market_socialist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
SAMA foreign reserve drawdown (1991-1993) sa_sama_reserve_drawdown_1991_1993	1991	—	central bank independence—	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Saudi Arabia Second Five-Year Development Plan 1975-1980 sa_second_five_year_plan_1975	1975	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist institutionalism market_socialist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Saudi Telecom Company 30% partial IPO sa_stc_partial_ipo_2002	2002-12	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic democratic_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian ordoliberal eco_socialist
VAT introduction and 2020 tripling sa_vat_introduction_2018	2018-01	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Vision 2030 programme launch sa_vision_2030_launch_2016	2016-04	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Saudi women's National ID (NACB) allowance sa_women_nacb_allowance_2001	2001	↑	rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic democratic_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian ordoliberal eco_socialist
Women appointed to Shura Council sa_women_shura_council_2013	2013-01	↑	labour market flexibility↑	developmentalism
Saudi Arabia WTO accession sa_wto_accession_2005	2005-12	↑↓↑	trade openness↑sectoral licensing↓rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist social_democratic democratic_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian ordoliberal eco_socialist
Yemen war coalition intervention sa_yemen_war_intervention_2015	2015-03	↑↓	spending level↑energy supply security↓	developmentalism
Saudi Aramco Partial Ipo 2019 saudi_aramco_partial_ipo_2019	2016	~↓↑↑	sectoral subsidy~transfer expansion↓product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Saudi Energy Subsidy Reform 2015 2021 saudi_energy_subsidy_reform_2015_2021	2016	~↓↑↑	sectoral subsidy~transfer expansion↓product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Saudi Labour Market Reforms 2019 2021 saudi_labour_market_reforms_2019_2021	2016	~↓↑↑	sectoral subsidy~transfer expansion↓product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Saudi Pif Expansion 2016 Present saudi_pif_expansion_2016_present	2016	~↓↑↑	sectoral subsidy~transfer expansion↓product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Saudi Vat Introduction 2018 saudi_vat_introduction_2018	2016	~↓↑↑	sectoral subsidy~transfer expansion↓product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Saudi Women Workforce Reforms 2017 2021 saudi_women_workforce_reforms_2017_2021	2016	~↓↑↑	sectoral subsidy~transfer expansion↓product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Sudan Adre humanitarian crossing reopening 2024 sdn_adre_humanitarian_crossing_reopening_2024	2024	↑↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑transfer expansion↑	—
Sudan exchange-rate unification 2021 sdn_exchange_rate_unification_2021	2021-02	↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑central bank independence↑	—
Sudan Juba Peace Agreement 2020 sdn_juba_peace_agreement_2020	2020-10	↑↑↑	rule of law↑transfer expansion↑property rights↑	—
Swedish banking crisis resolution — Securum bad bank and blanket guarantee 1992 se_bank_crisis_securum_1992	1992-12	↑↑	financial deregulation↑spending level↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Bolagsskatt corporate-tax cut to 22 percent 2013 se_bolagsskatt_22_percent_2013	2013-01	↓↓	tax corporate↓financial deregulation↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Swedish Climate Act and climate framework (2017) se_climate_act_2017	2018-01	↑↑	environmental stringency↑rule of law↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Covid-19 fiscal support extensions — Sweden 2021-2022 se_covid_fiscal_support_extension_2021_2022	2021	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Swedish Covid-19 short-time work subsidy (korttidspermittering) 2020 se_covid_korttidspermittering_2020	2020-03	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Swedish 'November revolution' credit-market deregulation 1985 se_credit_market_deregulation_november_revolution_1985	1985-11	↓	financial deregulation↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
Electricity price support (elprisstöd) — Sweden 2022-2023 se_electricity_price_support_2022	2022-11	↑↑	transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal ordoliberal
Sweden EU accession 1995 se_eu_membership_accession_1995	1995-01	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Sweden EU-membership application 1991 se_eu_membership_application_1991	1991-07	↑	trade openness↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian
Euro referendum NO 14 September 2003 se_euro_referendum_no_2003	2003-09	——	central bank independence—trade openness—	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian marxian marxist_leninist
Swedish expenditure-ceiling budget framework 1996-1997 se_expenditure_ceiling_framework_1996	1996-12	↑↓	rule of law↑spending level↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic austrian developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Fastighetsskatt replaced with capped municipal fee 2008 se_fastighetsskatt_replacement_2008	2008-01	↓↓	tax capital↓tax progressivity↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Swedish Persson fiscal consolidation 1995-1998 se_fiscal_consolidation_persson_1995	1995-04	↓↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic austrian developmentalism new_keynesian post_keynesian eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Structural fiscal surplus target 2% of GDP 2000 se_fiscal_surplus_target_2000	2000	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian marxian marxist_leninist
Foermoegenhetsskatt (wealth tax) abolition 2007 se_formogenhetsskatt_abolition_2007	2007-01	↓↓	tax capital↓tax progressivity↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Swedish Friskolereform — school-voucher reform 1992 se_friskola_school_voucher_1992	1992-07	↑	product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Swedish foreign-exchange control abolition 1989 se_fx_control_abolition_1989	1989-07	↑↑	financial deregulation↑trade openness↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian
January Agreement (Januariavtalet) — Sweden 2019 se_january_agreement_2019	2019-01	↓↑↑	tax progressivity↓labour market flexibility↑product market competition↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Jobskatteavdrag earned-income tax credit 2007 se_jobskatteavdrag_2007	2007-01	↓↑	tax progressivity↓labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Swedish krona devaluations 1977 (April + August) se_krona_devaluation_1977	1977-04	↑	monetary expansion direction↑	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic classical_liberal democratic_socialist ordoliberal
Swedish krona 16% devaluation October 1982 se_krona_devaluation_1982_sixteen_percent	1982-10	↑	monetary expansion direction↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
Swedish krona free float November 1992 se_krona_free_float_1992	1992-11	↑	central bank independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Labour migration median-wage salary threshold (Sweden 2023) se_labour_migration_salary_threshold_2023	2023-11	↓↓	immigration openness↓labour market flexibility↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
LAS employment-protection reform (Sweden 2019-2022) se_las_employment_protection_reform_2019_2022	2022-10	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑transfer expansion↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Swedish löntagarfonder (wage-earner funds) 1983 se_lontagarfonder_wage_earner_funds_1983	1983-12	↑↓	tax capital↑property rights↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
Maxtaxa childcare fee cap 2002 se_maxtaxa_childcare_2002	2002-01	↑↑	transfer expansion↑labour market flexibility↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian marxian marxist_leninist
Swedish NATO accession (2024) se_nato_accession_2024	2024-03	↑↑	spending level↑energy supply security↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
Sweden NATO membership application (May 2022) se_nato_application_2022	2022-05	↑	spending level↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Swedish 'November Revolution' credit-market deregulation 1985 se_november_revolution_credit_dereg_1985	1985-11	↑	financial deregulation↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian
Swedish nuclear new-build framework and credit guarantees (2023-2024) se_nuclear_new_build_framework_2023	2023	↑↑↓	energy supply security↑sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
Swedish nuclear power advisory referendum 1980 se_nuclear_referendum_1980	1980-03	↓↑	energy supply security↓environmental stringency↑	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic classical_liberal democratic_socialist ordoliberal
Swedish pension reform (NDC + premium pension, 1998-1999) se_pension_reform_1999	1999	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓tax capital↑product market competition↑	—
Pensioner tax relief and guarantee-pension supplement (Sweden 2022) se_pensioner_tax_relief_2022	2022-08	↑↑	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Biofuel blending mandate (reduktionsplikt) rollback — Sweden 2024 se_reduktionsplikt_rollback_2024	2024-01	↓↓	environmental stringency↓tax progressivity↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
Riksbank independence constitutional reform 1999 se_riksbank_independence_1999	1999-01	↑	central bank independence↑	institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic austrian marxian marxist_leninist
RUT and ROT household-services tax deductions 2007-2008 se_rut_rot_deductions_2007	2007-07	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Swedish shipbuilding consolidation into Svenska Varv 1977 se_shipbuilding_nationalisation_1977	1977	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↓	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic classical_liberal democratic_socialist ordoliberal
Swedish 'Tax Reform of the Century' 1990-1991 se_tax_reform_of_the_century_1991	1990-06	↓↓↓	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓tax capital↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Temporary Aliens Act — tightened asylum and residence rules (Sweden 2016) se_temporary_aliens_act_2016	2016-07	↓	immigration openness↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Tido Agreement — M/KD/L + SD cooperation framework (Sweden 2022) se_tido_agreement_2022	2022-10	↓↑	immigration openness↓rule of law↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
Abolition of värnskatt top-earner surtax (Sweden, 2020) se_varnskatt_abolition_2020	2020-01	↓	tax progressivity↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Swedish 'wonderful night' tax reform 1981 se_wonderful_night_tax_deal_1981	1981-04	↓	tax progressivity↓	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic classical_liberal democratic_socialist ordoliberal
Slovenia euro adoption 2007 si_euro_adoption_2007	2007-01	—↑	central bank independence—trade openness↑	—
Slovenia flood reconstruction and development act 2023 si_flood_reconstruction_act_2023	2023	↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑rule of law↑	—
Slovenia Long-Term Care Act 2023 si_long_term_care_act_2023	2023	↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law↑	—
Slovenia renewable-energy siting act 2023 si_renewable_energy_siting_act_2023	2023	↑↓↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↓energy supply security↑	—
Singapore bilingual and skills-upgrading policy, 1966-1979 singapore_bilingual_skills_policy_1966_1979	1966	↑↑	spending level↑labour market flexibility↑	—
Singapore Changi Airport opening and air-hub strategy, 1981 singapore_changi_airport_opening_1981	1981	↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑	—
Singapore container port strategy, 1972 singapore_container_port_strategy_1972	1972	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	—
Singapore Cpf 1955 singapore_cpf_1955	1955	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓product market competition↑property rights↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Central Provident Fund Act 1955 — Singapore forced-saving pension foundation singapore_cpf_establishment_1955	1955-07	↓↓	transfer expansion↓spending level↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Singapore CPF housing and savings expansion, 1968-1984 singapore_cpf_housing_and_savings_expansion_1968_1984	1968	↓↑↓	transfer expansion↓property rights↑spending level↓	—
Singapore EDB export industrialisation, 1961 singapore_edb_export_industrialisation_1961	1961	↑↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑property rights↑	—
Singapore HDB homeownership programme, 1960 singapore_hdb_homeownership_program_1960	1960	↑↑~	spending level↑property rights↑transfer expansion~	—
Singapore MAS and Asian-dollar financial hub strategy, 1971-1990 singapore_mas_financial_hub_strategy_1971_1990	1971	↑↑	financial deregulation↑central bank independence↑	—
Singapore Medifund 1993 singapore_medifund_1993	1955	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓product market competition↑property rights↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Singapore Medisave 1984 singapore_medisave_1984	1955	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓product market competition↑property rights↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Singapore Medishield 1990 singapore_medishield_1990	1955	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓product market competition↑property rights↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Singapore National Computerisation Plan, 1980 singapore_national_computerisation_plan_1980	1980	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	—
Singapore Prevention of Corruption Act and CPIB strengthening, 1960 singapore_prevention_corruption_act_cpib_1960	1960	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	—
Slovakia bank excess-profit tax 2024 sk_bank_excess_profit_tax_2024	2024	↑↑↑	tax corporate↑financial deregulation↑transfer expansion↑	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal
Slovak bank-sector NPL accumulation 1996-1998 sk_bank_fragility_npl_accumulation_1996_1998	1996-01	↓↑	financial deregulation↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Slovak bank levy 2012 sk_bank_levy_2012	2012-01	↑↓	financial deregulation↑sectoral subsidy↓	developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Slovakia corporate tax increase 2025 sk_corporate_tax_increase_2025	2025	↑↓↑	tax corporate↑spending level↓tax progressivity↑	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal
Slovak scrappage scheme and crisis response 2009 sk_crisis_scrappage_scheme_2009	2009	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic classical_liberal eco_socialist post_keynesian
Slovak direct-sale privatisation 1995-1998 sk_direct_sale_privatisation_1995	1995-11	↓↓	property rights↓product market competition↓	developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Slovak EFSF ratification and government collapse 2011 sk_efsf_vote_collapse_2011	2011-10	↑↑	financial deregulation↑rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic austrian developmentalism new_keynesian democratic_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Slovak EU accession 2004 sk_eu_accession_2004	2004-05	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Slovak euro adoption 2009 sk_euro_adoption_2009	2009-01	—↑	central bank independence—trade openness↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic classical_liberal eco_socialist post_keynesian
19 percent flat tax (PIT/CIT/VAT) 2004 sk_flat_tax_19_percent_2004	2004-01	↓↓↓	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓tax capital↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Slovak flat-tax abolition 2013 sk_flat_tax_abolition_2013	2013-01	↑↑	tax progressivity↑tax corporate↑	developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Slovak reduced VAT on selected foodstuffs 2020 sk_foodstuff_vat_reduction_2020	2020-01	↑	tax progressivity↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist institutionalism market_socialist marxian new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Healthcare user-fee abolition 2006 sk_healthcare_user_fee_abolition_2006	2006-09	↑	transfer expansion↑	institutionalism developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic classical_liberal eco_socialist post_keynesian
Healthcare user fees 2003 sk_healthcare_user_fees_2003	2003-06	↓↑	transfer expansion↓sectoral licensing↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Jan Kuciak and Martina Kusnirova murders 2018 sk_kuciak_assassination_2018	2018-02	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Slovak minimum-wage ramp 2012-2020 sk_minimum_wage_ramp_2012_2018	2012-01	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑	developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Slovak NATO accession 2004 sk_nato_accession_2004	2004-03	↑↑	trade openness↑spending level↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Slovak open-contracts transparency law 2011 sk_open_contracts_transparency_2011	2011-01	↑↑	rule of law↑product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic austrian developmentalism new_keynesian democratic_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Second-pillar DC pension reform 2005 sk_pension_second_pillar_2005	2005-01	↓↑	transfer expansion↓financial deregulation↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Slovak second-pillar pension voluntarisation 2012-2013 sk_second_pillar_voluntarisation_2012	2012-09	↑↓	transfer expansion↑property rights↓	developmentalism market_socialist marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist marxian ordoliberal social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Slovak State Language Law 1995 sk_slovak_language_law_1995	1995-11	↓	rule of law↓	developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Slovakia Special Prosecutor's Office abolition 2024 sk_special_prosecutor_abolition_2024	2024	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal
Slovak 13th pension payment 2019 sk_thirteenth_pension_2019	2019-12	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist institutionalism market_socialist marxian new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Slovakia state military-aid suspension for Ukraine 2023 sk_ukraine_aid_suspension_2023	2023	↓↓	spending level↓trade openness↓	developmentalism social_democratic classical_liberal
Slovak VAT hike to 20 percent 2011 sk_vat_20_percent_2011	2011-01	↓↓	tax progressivity↓spending level↓	chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic austrian developmentalism new_keynesian democratic_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist
Slovak voucher-privatisation cancellation 1995 sk_voucher_privatisation_cancellation_1995	1995-07	↓↓	property rights↓rule of law↓	developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal
Sierra Leone Feed Salone agricultural programme 2023 sl_feed_salone_agricultural_programme_2023	2023	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓	—
Sierra Leone Free Quality School Education programme 2018 sl_free_quality_school_education_2018	2018	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	—
Sierra Leone Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment Act 2022 sl_gewe_act_2022	2022	↑↓	rule of law↑labour market flexibility↓	—
Sierra Leone IMF Extended Credit Facility 2024 sl_imf_ecf_2024	2024-10	↓↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑rule of law↑	—
Four-year development planning sn_four_year_development_plans_1961	1961	↑↑↓	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↓	social_democratic developmentalism marxian
Franc-zone monetary stability sn_franc_zone_stability_senghor_1960	1960	↑↓↑	central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓trade openness↑	social_democratic developmentalism marxian
Groundnut marketing-board system sn_groundnut_marketing_board_1960s	1960	↑↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓	social_democratic developmentalism marxian
Somalia constitutional amendments 2024 som_constitutional_amendments_2024	2024-03	~~	rule of law~judicial independence~	—
Somalia HIPC Completion Point debt relief 2023 som_hipc_completion_point_debt_relief_2023	2023-12	↑↑↑	spending level↑rule of law↑central bank independence↑	—
Somalia IMF ECF revenue and PFM programme 2023 som_imf_ecf_revenue_pfm_2023	2023	↓↑↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↑rule of law↑	—
Somalia Security Pact and ATMIS transition 2023 som_security_pact_atmis_transition_2023	2023	↑↑↑	spending level↑rule of law↑sectoral licensing↑	—
South Africa Bbbee Codes 2003 south_africa_bbbee_codes_2003	1994	↑↑↓~	transfer expansion↑central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↓sectoral licensing~	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
South Africa Gear Macro Framework 1996 south_africa_gear_macro_framework_1996	1994	↑↑↓~	transfer expansion↑central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↓sectoral licensing~	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
South Africa Inflation Targeting 2000 south_africa_inflation_targeting_2000	1994	↑↑↓~	transfer expansion↑central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↓sectoral licensing~	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
South Africa Labour Relations Act 1995 south_africa_labour_relations_act_1995	1994	↑↑↓~	transfer expansion↑central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↓sectoral licensing~	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
South Africa Social Grants Expansion 1998 south_africa_social_grants_expansion_1998	1994	↑↑↓~	transfer expansion↑central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↓sectoral licensing~	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Spain AVE Madrid-Seville high-speed rail 1992 spain_ave_madrid_seville_1992	1992-04	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Aznar-era IRPEF and corporate tax cuts spain_aznar_tax_cuts_1998_2002	1998	↓↓	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal
Spain Banco de España autonomy Law 13/1994 spain_bde_independence_law_1994	1994-06	↑	central bank independence↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Ley de Dependencia — SAAD long-term care spain_dependency_law_saad_2006	2006-12	↑	transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist
Spain EEC accession (January 1986) spain_eec_accession_1986	1986-01	↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Spain Eec Accession Treaty 1985 spain_eec_accession_treaty_1985	1977	↑↑↑~	tax progressivity↑product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility~	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic ordoliberal
Spain Electricity Sector Law 54/1997 spain_electricity_law_1997	1997-11	↑—	product market competition↑energy supply security—	classical_liberal ordoliberal
Spain EMU entry and convergence programme 1996-1999 spain_emu_entry_convergence_1998	1998-05	↓↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal
Spain Erte Ngeu Covid Fiscal 2020 2022 spain_erte_ngeu_covid_fiscal_2020_2022	2018	~↑↑↑	labour market flexibility~transfer expansion↑tax capital↑spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal
Spain Workers' Statute reform (Ley 32/1984) spain_estatuto_trabajadores_reform_1984	1984-08	↑	labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Spain Gender Violence Law 2004 spain_gender_violence_law_2004	2004	↑↑↓↓	immigration openness↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	empirical_pragmatist
Spain Historical Memory Law 2007 spain_historical_memory_law_2007	2004	↑↑↓↓	immigration openness↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	empirical_pragmatist
Spain Housing Law 12 2023 spain_housing_law_12_2023	2018	~↑↑↑	labour market flexibility~transfer expansion↑tax capital↑spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal
Spain Industrial Reconversion 1983 1985 spain_industrial_reconversion_1983_1985	1977	↑↑↑~	tax progressivity↑product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility~	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic ordoliberal
Spain industrial reconversion (Ley 27/1984) spain_industrial_reconversion_1983_1986	1984-07	↑↓↑	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓transfer expansion↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Spain Iraq Participation 2003 spain_iraq_participation_2003	1996	↑↑↓↓	product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal
Spanish troop withdrawal from Iraq spain_iraq_withdrawal_2004	2004-04	—	rule of law—	empirical_pragmatist
Spain Irpf Tax Reform 1978 spain_irpf_tax_reform_1978	1977	↑↑↑~	tax progressivity↑product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility~	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic ordoliberal
Spain Labour Reform 1994 (Leyes 10 y 11/1994) spain_labour_reform_1994	1994-05	↑	labour market flexibility↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Spain Labour Reform 1997 (AIEE tripartite agreement) spain_labour_reform_1997	1997-04	↑	labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal
Spain Labour Reform 2001 spain_labour_reform_2001	1996	↑↑↓↓	product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal
Spain Rajoy Labour Reform 2012 spain_labour_reform_2012	2012-02	↑	labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic
Spain Labour Reform Rdl 32 2021 spain_labour_reform_rdl_32_2021	2018	~↑↑↑	labour market flexibility~transfer expansion↑tax capital↑spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal
Spain Ley del Suelo 6/1998 — land liberalisation spain_land_liberalisation_ley_suelo_1998	1998-04	↑↑	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal
Spain Ley General de Sanidad — universal healthcare (Ley 14/1986) spain_ley_general_sanidad_1986	1986-04	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Spain Ley Organica 10 2022 Consent Law spain_ley_organica_10_2022_consent_law	2018	~↑↑↑	labour market flexibility~transfer expansion↑tax capital↑spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal
Spain Migrant Regularisation 2005 spain_migrant_regularisation_2005	2004	↑↑↓↓	immigration openness↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	empirical_pragmatist
Spain Minimum Wage Increases 2018 2024 spain_minimum_wage_increases_2018_2024	2018	~↑↑↑	labour market flexibility~transfer expansion↑tax capital↑spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal
Spain Moncloa Pacts 1977 spain_moncloa_pacts_1977	1977	↑↑↑~	tax progressivity↑product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility~	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic ordoliberal
Spain NATO referendum (March 1986) spain_nato_referendum_1986	1986-03	↑	rule of law↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Spain Pacto de Toledo pension reform (Ley 24/1997) spain_pension_reform_pacto_toledo_1997	1997-07	↓	transfer expansion↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal
Spain Pension Revaluation Cpi Link 2021 2023 spain_pension_revaluation_cpi_link_2021_2023	2018	~↑↑↑	labour market flexibility~transfer expansion↑tax capital↑spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal
Spain Peseta Devaluation 1977 spain_peseta_devaluation_1977	1977	↑↑↑~	tax progressivity↑product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility~	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic ordoliberal
Spain peseta devaluation 8% (December 1982) spain_peseta_devaluation_1982	1982-12	↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑trade openness↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Spain peseta ERM devaluations 1992-1995 spain_peseta_erm_devaluations_1992_1995	1992	↑	monetary expansion direction↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Spain Aznar privatisations programme 1997-2000 spain_privatisations_ppp_1997_2000	1997	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	classical_liberal ordoliberal
Spain Repsol and Endesa privatisation tranches 1989-1996 spain_repsol_endesa_privatisations_1989_1996	1989	↑	product market competition↑	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Spain Rumasa expropriation (February 1983) spain_rumasa_expropriation_1983	1983-02	↑↓	sectoral licensing↑property rights↓	social_democratic ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Spanish same-sex marriage spain_same_sex_marriage_2005	2005-07	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist
Spain Solidarity Wealth Tax 2023 spain_solidarity_wealth_tax_2023	2018	~↑↑↑	labour market flexibility~transfer expansion↑tax capital↑spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal
Spain Windfall Taxes Banks Energy 2022 2023 spain_windfall_taxes_banks_energy_2022_2023	2018	~↑↑↑	labour market flexibility~transfer expansion↑tax capital↑spending level↑	social_democratic post_keynesian ordoliberal
Spain Workers Statute 1980 spain_workers_statute_1980	1977	↑↑↑~	tax progressivity↑product market competition↑trade openness↑labour market flexibility~	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic ordoliberal
Spain Zapatero Tax Reforms 2006 2008 spain_zapatero_tax_reforms_2006_2008	2004	↑↑↓↓	immigration openness↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓	empirical_pragmatist
Lanka Food Stamp Scheme 1979 sri_lanka_food_stamp_scheme_1979	1977	↑↑↓↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑transfer expansion↓sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist
Lanka Gcec Epz Act 1978 sri_lanka_gcec_epz_act_1978	1977	↑↑↓↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑transfer expansion↓sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist
Lanka Open Economy Package 1977 sri_lanka_open_economy_package_1977	1977	↑↑↓↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑transfer expansion↓sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist
Lanka Peoplisation Privatisation 1989 1994 sri_lanka_peoplisation_privatisation_1989_1994	1977	↑↑↓↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑transfer expansion↓sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist
South Sudan IMF SMP public-finance and oil-revenue reforms 2023 ssd_imf_smp_pfm_oil_revenue_reforms_2023	2023	↓↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑rule of law↑	—
South Sudan National Security Service Act 2024 ssd_national_security_service_act_2024	2024	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	—
South Sudan revitalized peace agreement 2018 ssd_r_arcss_peace_agreement_2018	2018-09	↑↑↑	rule of law↑spending level↑judicial independence↑	—
South Sudan transition extension and election postponement 2024 ssd_transition_extension_elections_2024	2024	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	—
Stability Growth Pact 1997 stability_growth_pact_1997	1992	↑↓	central bank independence↑spending level↓	ordoliberal chicago_monetarism
Sao Tome and Principe IMF ECF fiscal reform 2023 stp_imf_ecf_fiscal_reform_2023	2023	↓↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑rule of law↑	—
Sao Tome and Principe renewable energy action plan 2022 stp_renewable_energy_action_plan_2022	2022	↑↑↑	energy supply security↑environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑	—
Sao Tome and Principe VAT introduction 2023 stp_vat_introduction_2023	2023	↑↑	tax corporate↑rule of law↑	—
Soviet Union dissolution — Belovezha Accords 1991 su_belovezha_dissolution_1991	1991-12	—↓	rule of law—trade openness↓	developmentalism institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Soviet Law on Cooperatives 1988 su_cooperative_law_1988	1988-05	↑↑↑	property rights↑product market competition↑financial deregulation↑	developmentalism institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Soviet Law on Individual Labour Activity 1986 su_individual_labour_activity_law_1986	1986-11	↑↑	property rights↑product market competition↑	developmentalism institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Soviet Pavlov price reform and currency confiscation 1991 su_pavlov_price_reform_1991	1991-04	↓—	central bank independence↓product market competition—	developmentalism institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Soviet Law on the State Enterprise 1987 su_state_enterprise_law_1987	1987-06	↑↑	product market competition↑spending level↑	developmentalism institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist
Bitcoin Law — BTC as legal tender alongside the US dollar (Decreto 57, 2021) sv_bitcoin_legal_tender_2021	2021-06	↑—	financial deregulation↑monetary expansion direction—	classical_liberal institutionalism austrian
Bitcoin removal from legal-tender status — IMF EFF condition (Dec 2024) sv_bitcoin_removal_imf_2024	2024-12	↓↓—	financial deregulation↓spending level↓monetary expansion direction—	classical_liberal institutionalism austrian
Sovereign bond buyback and liability-management operations (2022-2023) sv_bond_buyback_2023	2022-07	↓—	spending level↓tax corporate—	classical_liberal institutionalism austrian
CECOT Centro de Confinamiento del Terrorismo (opened Jan 2023) sv_cecot_mega_prison_2023	2023-01	↑↓↑	spending level↑rule of law↓property rights↑	classical_liberal institutionalism austrian
Chivo wallet launch with $30 per-adult Bitcoin buy-in (Sep 2021) sv_chivo_wallet_2021	2021-09	↑↑	financial deregulation↑transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal institutionalism austrian
CICIES termination — end of OAS anti-corruption agreement (Jun 2021) sv_cicies_termination_2021	2021-06	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	classical_liberal institutionalism austrian
Overnight removal of Constitutional Chamber magistrates and Attorney General (1 May 2021) sv_constitutional_chamber_removal_2021	2021-05	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	classical_liberal institutionalism austrian
Ley de Emisión de Activos Digitales (Digital Asset Issuance Law, 2023) sv_digital_asset_issuance_law_2023	2023-01	↑↑	financial deregulation↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal institutionalism austrian
Fmln Paquete Escolar 2014 sv_fmln_paquete_escolar_2014	2014	↑↑↓—	transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law↓monetary expansion direction—	post_keynesian institutionalism
Fmln Pension Reform Arrears 2017 sv_fmln_pension_reform_arrears_2017	2014	↑↑↓—	transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law↓monetary expansion direction—	post_keynesian institutionalism
Fmln Sct Crime Plan 2015 sv_fmln_sct_crime_plan_2015	2014	↑↑↓—	transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law↓monetary expansion direction—	post_keynesian institutionalism
Fmln Solidarity Pension 2014 sv_fmln_solidarity_pension_2014	2014	↑↑↓—	transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law↓monetary expansion direction—	post_keynesian institutionalism
Ley de Fomento a la Innovación y Manufactura de Tecnologías (2023) sv_ley_fomento_tecnologia_2023	2023-04	↓↑↑	tax corporate↓product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal institutionalism austrian
Municipal consolidation from 262 to 44 municipalities (2023) sv_municipal_consolidation_262_to_44_2023	2023-06	↓↓↓	spending level↓judicial independence↓rule of law↓	classical_liberal institutionalism austrian
Plan Control Territorial — Bukele's seven-phase security plan (Jun 2019) sv_plan_control_territorial_2019	2019-06	↑↑↓	spending level↑property rights↑rule of law↓	classical_liberal institutionalism austrian
Régimen de excepción — continuous state of exception (Decreto 333, 27 Mar 2022) sv_state_of_exception_2022	2022-03	↓↑↑	rule of law↓property rights↑spending level↑	classical_liberal institutionalism austrian
Bukele tax-reform package — income-tax reductions and base broadening (2023) sv_tax_reform_2023	2023-10	↓↓↑	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑	classical_liberal institutionalism austrian
Bildt-Wibble market reforms — Sweden 1991-1994 sweden_bildt_market_reforms_1991_1994	1991-10	↓↑↑	tax progressivity↓product market competition↑financial deregulation↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Sweden Inkomstpension Ndc 1999 sweden_inkomstpension_ndc_1999	1999	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓tax capital↑product market competition↑	—
Sweden Pension Auto Balance Mechanism sweden_pension_auto_balance_mechanism	1999	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓tax capital↑product market competition↑	—
Sweden Premiepension Funded Accounts 1999 sweden_premiepension_funded_accounts_1999	1999	↓↑↑	transfer expansion↓tax capital↑product market competition↑	—
Swedish School Voucher reform (Friskolereformen) 1992 sweden_school_voucher_1992	1992-07	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist new_keynesian ordoliberal social_democratic democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Switzerland Energiegesetz 2016 switzerland_energiegesetz_2016	2011	↑↑↓↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑energy supply security↓sectoral subsidy↑	eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist austrian
Switzerland Energy Strategy 2050 switzerland_energy_strategy_2050	2011	↑↑↓↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑energy supply security↓sectoral subsidy↑	eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist austrian
Krankenversicherungsgesetz (KVG) — Swiss mandatory private health insurance 1994 switzerland_kvg_mandatory_health_1994	1994-03	↑↑	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↑	—
Switzerland Nuclear New Build Ban 2017 switzerland_nuclear_new_build_ban_2017	2011	↑↑↓↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑energy supply security↓sectoral subsidy↑	eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist austrian
Eswatini Energy Masterplan 2034 renewables framework swz_energy_masterplan_2034_renewables_2018	2018	↑↑↑	energy supply security↑environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑	—
Eswatini FY2024/25 SACU revenue fiscal adjustment swz_fy2024_25_sacu_revenue_fiscal_adjustment	2024	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	—
Eswatini National Development Plan 2023/24-2027/28 swz_national_development_plan_2023_2028	2023	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	—
Seychelles exchange-rate liberalisation 2008 syc_exchange_rate_liberalisation_2008	2008	↓↑↑	financial deregulation↓trade openness↑central bank independence↑	—
Seychelles fiscal consolidation and debt restructuring 2008 syc_fiscal_consolidation_debt_restructuring_2008	2008	↓↑↑	spending level↓rule of law↑central bank independence↑	—
Seychelles sovereign blue bond 2018 syc_sovereign_blue_bond_2018	2018	↑↑↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↑	—
Syria Ba'ath agrarian reform consolidation syr_agrarian_reform_consolidation_1963_1970	1963	↓↓↑	property rights↓product market competition↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism marxist_leninist marxian classical_liberal
Syria Ba'ath nationalisations 1965 syr_baath_nationalisations_1965	1965	↓↓↓	property rights↓product market competition↓trade openness↓	developmentalism marxist_leninist marxian classical_liberal
Syria public-sector five-year planning under Hafez al-Assad syr_public_sector_five_year_planning_1971_1980	1971	↑↑↓	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↓	developmentalism marxist_leninist marxian classical_liberal
Taiwan Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) + semiconductor seed 1973-1987 taiwan_itri_semiconductor_1973	1973-07	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑property rights↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist institutionalism market_socialist new_keynesian ordoliberal post_keynesian social_democratic austrian democratic_socialist
Tanzania Arusha Nationalisations 1967 tanzania_arusha_nationalisations_1967	1967	↓↓↑↓	product market competition↓property rights↓transfer expansion↑trade openness↓	marxian market_socialist developmentalism
Tanzania National Milling Monopoly 1976 tanzania_national_milling_monopoly_1976	1967	↓↓↑↓	product market competition↓property rights↓transfer expansion↑trade openness↓	marxian market_socialist developmentalism
Tanzania State Trading Corporation 1967 tanzania_state_trading_corporation_1967	1967	↓↓↑↓	product market competition↓property rights↓transfer expansion↑trade openness↓	marxian market_socialist developmentalism
Tanzania Universal Primary Education 1974 tanzania_universal_primary_education_1974	1967	↓↓↑↓	product market competition↓property rights↓transfer expansion↑trade openness↓	marxian market_socialist developmentalism
Tanzania Villagisation 1973 tanzania_villagisation_1973	1967	↓↓↑↓	product market competition↓property rights↓transfer expansion↑trade openness↓	marxian market_socialist developmentalism
Chad G20 Common Framework debt treatment 2022 tcd_common_framework_debt_treatment_2022	2022-11	↓↑↑	spending level↓property rights↑rule of law↑	—
Chad constitutional referendum and Fifth Republic 2023 tcd_constitutional_referendum_fifth_republic_2023	2023-12	↑	rule of law↑	—
Chad IMF Extended Credit Facility 2024 tcd_imf_ecf_2024	2024-12	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	—
Togo Fifth Republic constitution 2024 tg_fifth_republic_constitution_2024	2024-05	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	—
Togo Tinga electricity-access fund 2021 tg_tinga_electricity_access_fund_2021	2021-11	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑energy supply security↑transfer expansion↑	—
Togo 2025 government roadmap 2020 tg_togo_2025_government_roadmap_2020	2020-10	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	—
Togo universal health insurance law 2021 tg_universal_health_insurance_law_2021	2021-10	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	—
Thailand 14 August 1998 comprehensive financial-sector package th_14_august_package_1998	1998-08	↓↑	financial deregulation↓trade openness↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic
1978 Constitution — semi-democratic framework (Thailand) th_1978_constitution	1978-12	↑—	rule of law↑judicial independence—	developmentalism
Thailand 20-Year National Strategy 2018-2037 th_20_year_national_strategy_2018	2018-10	↓↑	rule of law↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal institutionalism social_democratic
Thailand 19 September 2006 military coup th_2006_military_coup	2006-09	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Thailand 2007 Constitution and referendum th_2007_constitution_referendum	2007-08	↓↑	rule of law↓judicial independence↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Thailand 2014 military coup and NCPO interim rule th_2014_coup_ncpo_2014	2014-05	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	developmentalism classical_liberal institutionalism social_democratic
Thailand 2017 Constitution (junta-drafted) th_2017_constitution	2017-04	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	developmentalism classical_liberal institutionalism social_democratic
Thailand 30-baht universal healthcare scheme (2001) th_30_baht_universal_healthcare_2001	2002-11	↑↑—	transfer expansion↑spending level↑sectoral licensing—	social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Abhisit Cheque 2000 Baht 2009 th_abhisit_cheque_2000_baht_2009	2008	↑↑↓—	spending level↑transfer expansion↑rule of law↓trade openness—	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Abhisit Elderly Universal Allowance 2009 th_abhisit_elderly_universal_allowance_2009	2008	↑↑↓—	spending level↑transfer expansion↑rule of law↓trade openness—	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Abhisit Free 15 Year Education 2009 th_abhisit_free_15_year_education_2009	2008	↑↑↓—	spending level↑transfer expansion↑rule of law↓trade openness—	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Thailand red-shirt protest crackdown April-May 2010 th_abhisit_red_shirt_crackdown_may_2010	2010-05	↓	rule of law↓	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Thailand Strong Thailand (Thai Khem Khaeng) GFC stimulus 2009-2012 th_abhisit_thai_khem_khaeng_stimulus_2009	2009-01	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Thailand small-farmer debt moratorium (2000-2001) th_agriculture_debt_moratorium_2000	2000-10	↑↑	transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic
Baht devaluation and basket-peg shift (Thailand 1984) th_baht_devaluation_1984	1984-11	↑↓	trade openness↑monetary expansion direction↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Thailand Baht float (2 July 1997) th_baht_float_july_1997	1997-07	↓↓	monetary expansion direction↓financial deregulation↓	classical_liberal post_keynesian austrian
Thailand Bangkok International Banking Facility launch 1993 th_bibf_launch_1993	1993-03	↑	financial deregulation↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Thailand Bangkok International Banking Facility planning 1989-1991 th_bibf_planning_1989_1991	1989	↑	financial deregulation↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
BOI export-oriented tax-holiday regime expansion (Thailand 1983) th_boi_export_tax_holiday_regime_1983	1983	↓↑↑	tax corporate↓trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Thailand 4.0 and BOI investment-incentive push (2015-2023) th_boi_thailand_4_0_investment_push_2015_2023	2015	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism classical_liberal institutionalism social_democratic
Thailand BoT reserve depletion in Baht defence (1996-1997) th_bot_reserve_depletion_1996_1997	1997-05	↓↓	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↓	classical_liberal post_keynesian austrian
Casino Entertainment Complex Bill 2025 th_casino_entertainment_complex_bill_2025	2024	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑labour market flexibility↓	developmentalism social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal institutionalism
Thai-Chinese Trade Agreement (Thailand 1978) th_china_trade_agreement_1978	1978-03	↑	trade openness↑	developmentalism
Thailand 1997 Constitution drafting process initiation 1994-1995 th_constitutional_drafting_initiation_1994_1995	1994	↑	rule of law↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Thailand 10,000-baht digital-wallet handout (2024-2025) th_digital_wallet_10k_baht_2024	2024-09	↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑monetary expansion direction↑	developmentalism social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal institutionalism
Eastern Seaboard Development Programme (Thailand 1982) th_eastern_seaboard_programme_1982	1982	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Thailand Eastern Economic Corridor Act (2018) th_eec_act_2018	2018-05	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal institutionalism social_democratic
Thailand energy price caps — electricity, diesel, LPG (2023-2024) th_energy_price_caps_2023_2024	2023-09	↑↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↓environmental stringency↓	developmentalism social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal
Thailand FIDF bank recapitalisation programme (1998) th_fidf_bank_recapitalisation_1998	1998-08	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑financial deregulation↓	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic
Fifth National Economic and Social Development Plan (Thailand 1982-1986) th_fifth_nesdp_1982_1986	1982	↑↓	trade openness↑spending level↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Thailand finance-company suspensions (1997) th_finance_company_suspensions_1997	1997-06	↓↑↓	financial deregulation↓sectoral subsidy↑property rights↓	classical_liberal post_keynesian austrian
Financial Hub Bill 2025 th_financial_hub_bill_2025	2024	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑labour market flexibility↓	developmentalism social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal institutionalism
Fourth National Economic and Social Development Plan (Thailand 1977-1981) th_fourth_nesdp_1977_1981	1977	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism
Thailand IMF early debt repayment (2003) th_imf_early_repayment_2003	2003-07	↑—	rule of law↑spending level—	social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Thailand IMF programme implementation under Chuan II (1997-2000) th_imf_programme_implementation_1997_2000	1997-11	↑↓↑	monetary expansion direction↑financial deregulation↓trade openness↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic
Thailand IMF Stand-By Arrangement (1997) th_imf_stand_by_arrangement_1997	1997-08	↓↓↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓spending level↓financial deregulation↓trade openness↑	classical_liberal post_keynesian austrian
Thailand Indochina trade normalisation — battlefields to marketplaces 1988-1991 th_indochina_trade_opening_1988_1991	1988	↑	trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Kriangsak fuel-price pass-through (Thailand 1979) th_kriangsak_fuel_price_passthrough_1979	1979	↓↓	sectoral subsidy↓spending level↓	developmentalism
Thailand Chumphon-Ranong Land Bridge project (2023-) th_land_bridge_project_2023	2023	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal institutionalism
Thailand minimum wage 300-354 baht trajectory (2017-2022) th_minimum_wage_300_to_354_trajectory_2017_2022	2017	↓—	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion—	developmentalism classical_liberal institutionalism social_democratic
Thailand 400-baht national minimum wage trajectory (2024-) th_minimum_wage_400_baht_trajectory_2024	2024	↓	labour market flexibility↓	developmentalism social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal institutionalism
Move Forward Dissolution 2024 th_move_forward_dissolution_2024	2024	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑labour market flexibility↓	developmentalism social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal institutionalism
Prime Minister's Order 66/2523 — counter-insurgency amnesty (Thailand 1980) th_order_66_2523_counterinsurgency_amnesty_1980	1980-04	↑↓	rule of law↑spending level↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Thailand One Tambon One Product (OTOP, 2001) th_otop_rural_enterprise_2001	2001-10	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↑	social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Thailand 1997 People's Constitution th_peoples_constitution_1997	1997-10	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	classical_liberal post_keynesian austrian
Ppp Dissolution Ruling 2008 th_ppp_dissolution_ruling_2008	2008	↑↓↑—	transfer expansion↑rule of law↓spending level↑trade openness—	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Ppp Village Fund Rollover 2008 th_ppp_village_fund_rollover_2008	2008	↑↓↑—	transfer expansion↑rule of law↓spending level↑trade openness—	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Thailand PTT partial privatisation (2001) th_ptt_partial_privatisation_2001	2001-10	↑↑	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic
Samak Preah Vihear Unesco 2008 th_samak_preah_vihear_unesco_2008	2008	↑↓↑—	transfer expansion↑rule of law↓spending level↑trade openness—	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Samak Somchai Fiscal Stimulus Gfc Precursor 2008 th_samak_somchai_fiscal_stimulus_gfc_precursor_2008	2008	↑↓↑—	transfer expansion↑rule of law↓spending level↑trade openness—	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Thailand Securities and Exchange Act 1992 th_sec_act_1992	1992-03	↑↑	financial deregulation↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Thailand Shin Corp sale to Temasek (2006) th_shin_corp_temasek_sale_2006	2006-01	↓—	rule of law↓property rights—	social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Thailand Sixth National Economic and Social Development Plan acceleration 1988 th_sixth_5yr_plan_acceleration_1988	1987	↑	spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Sixth National Economic and Social Development Plan (Thailand 1987-1991) th_sixth_nesdp_1987_1991	1987	↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Sufficiency Economy 10Th Plan 2007 th_sufficiency_economy_10th_plan_2007	2006	↓↓↓—	financial deregulation↓rule of law↓property rights↓trade openness—	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Thailand 30% Unremunerated Reserve Requirement on short-term inflows December 2006 th_surayud_capital_controls_dec_2006	2006-12	↓↓	financial deregulation↓property rights↓	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Thailand Tambon Administrative Organization elections (1999) th_tambon_administrative_elections_1999	1999-05	↑↑	rule of law↑spending level↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian social_democratic
Thailand Tambon 5-million-baht Fund programme 1994 th_tambon_fund_1994	1994-01	↑↑	spending level↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Thailand telecom concessions framework 1991-1992 th_telecom_concessions_framework_1991_1992	1991	↑	product market competition↑	classical_liberal developmentalism
Thai Rak Thai Dissolution 2007 th_thai_rak_thai_dissolution_2007	2006	↓↓↓—	financial deregulation↓rule of law↓property rights↓trade openness—	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Thaksin Return Royal Pardon 2023 th_thaksin_return_royal_pardon_2023	2023	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑labour market flexibility↓	developmentalism social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal
Thailand Value Added Tax introduction 1992 th_vat_introduction_1992	1992-01	↓	tax progressivity↓	classical_liberal developmentalism
Thailand Village and Urban Revolving Fund (2001) th_village_urban_revolving_fund_2001	2001-04	↑↑	transfer expansion↑financial deregulation↑	social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Thailand visa-free tourism expansion (2023-2024) th_visa_free_tourism_expansion_2023	2023-09	↑↑	trade openness↑immigration openness↑	developmentalism social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal
Thailand War on Drugs extrajudicial campaign (2003) th_war_on_drugs_2003	2003-02	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	social_democratic post_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Thailand state welfare card (Bat Sawasdikan Haeng Rat) 2017 th_welfare_card_pracharath_2017	2017-10	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	developmentalism classical_liberal institutionalism social_democratic
Yingluck Amnesty Bill 2013 th_yingluck_amnesty_bill_2013	2011	↑↓↓↑	sectoral subsidy↑tax corporate↓labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Thailand corporate-income-tax cut 30% to 20% 2012-2013 th_yingluck_corporate_tax_cut_2012_2013	2011-12	↓	tax corporate↓	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Yingluck First Car Buyer Rebate 2011 2012 th_yingluck_first_car_buyer_rebate_2011_2012	2011	↑↓↓↑	sectoral subsidy↑tax corporate↓labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Yingluck Minimum Wage 300 Baht 2012 th_yingluck_minimum_wage_300_baht_2012	2011	↑↓↓↑	sectoral subsidy↑tax corporate↓labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Thailand rice-pledging scheme 2011-2014 th_yingluck_rice_pledging_scheme_2011_2014	2011-10	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↓	new_keynesian classical_liberal
Thailand 30 Baht Health 2001 thailand_30_baht_health_2001	1997	↑↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑central bank independence↑spending level↑transfer expansion↑	chicago_monetarism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Thailand Baht Float 1997 thailand_baht_float_1997	1997	↑↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑central bank independence↑spending level↑transfer expansion↑	chicago_monetarism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Thailand Fidf Bank Restructuring 1998 thailand_fidf_bank_restructuring_1998	1997	↑↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑central bank independence↑spending level↑transfer expansion↑	chicago_monetarism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Thailand Imf Letter Of Intent 1997 thailand_imf_letter_of_intent_1997	1997	↑↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑central bank independence↑spending level↑transfer expansion↑	chicago_monetarism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Thailand Inflation Targeting 2000 thailand_inflation_targeting_2000	1997	↑↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑central bank independence↑spending level↑transfer expansion↑	chicago_monetarism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Thailand Village Fund 2001 thailand_village_fund_2001	1997	↑↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑central bank independence↑spending level↑transfer expansion↑	chicago_monetarism new_keynesian post_keynesian
Turkey workers' remittance shortfall and FX crisis 1977-1979 tr_1977_1979_workers_remittance_fx_shortage	1977	↓↑	trade openness↓monetary expansion direction↑	institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist marxian eco_socialist
Turkey 1982 Constitution tr_1982_constitution_authoritarian_lock_in	1982-11	↓↑	rule of law↓labour market flexibility↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal market_socialist ordoliberal developmentalism new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian
Turkey 5 April 1994 stabilisation package tr_1994_stabilisation_package	1994-04	↓↑	spending level↓tax corporate↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist developmentalism marxian post_keynesian ordoliberal
Turkey 2001 banking and currency crisis tr_2001_banking_currency_crisis	2000	↓↓	financial deregulation↓monetary expansion direction↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism marxian eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Turkey Banker scandal and financial re-regulation 1982 tr_banker_scandal_financial_deregulation_1982	1982	↓	financial deregulation↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal market_socialist ordoliberal developmentalism new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian
BDDK Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency establishment tr_bddk_establishment_1999	1999-06	↓↑	financial deregulation↓rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism marxian eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Serial CBRT governor dismissals (Turkey 2019-2021) tr_cbrt_governor_dismissals_2019_2021	2019-07	↓↑	central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↑	chicago_monetarism mmt
CBRT rate-hike cycle 8.5% to 50% (Turkey 2023-2024) tr_cbrt_rate_hike_cycle_2023_2024	2023-06	↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
CBRT Law No. 4651 — Central Bank independence tr_central_bank_independence_2001	2001-04	↑↑	central bank independence↑rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism marxian eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
Constitutional referendum — executive presidency (Turkey 2017) tr_constitutional_referendum_executive_presidency_2017	2017-04	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
D-8 Developing Eight founding tr_d8_founding_1997	1997-06	↑	trade openness↑	developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist eco_socialist new_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic
Derviş Transition to Strong Economy Programme tr_dervis_transition_programme_2001	2001-04	↓↓↑	spending level↓sectoral licensing↓rule of law↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism marxian eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
DYP-Refah coalition formation (1996) tr_dyp_refah_coalition_1996	1996-06	—	rule of law—	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist developmentalism marxian post_keynesian ordoliberal
Earthquake reconstruction programme (Turkey 2023-2025) tr_earthquake_reconstruction_programme_2023_2025	2023-03	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Kahramanmaraş earthquake emergency fiscal package (Turkey 2023) tr_earthquake_response_fiscal_package_2023	2023-02	↑↑	spending level↑tax corporate↑	chicago_monetarism mmt
2001 Turkish constitutional amendments (EU Copenhagen criteria) tr_eu_candidate_constitutional_amendments_2001	2001-10	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal social_democratic developmentalism marxian eco_socialist marxist_leninist post_keynesian
EU-Turkey Customs Union (1995) tr_eu_customs_union_1995	1995-03	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist developmentalism marxian post_keynesian ordoliberal
Inauguration of the executive presidency (Turkey 2018) tr_executive_presidency_inauguration_2018	2018-07	↓↓	rule of law↓central bank independence↓	chicago_monetarism mmt
February 28 'postmodern coup' MGK memorandum tr_february_28_process_1997	1997-02	↓↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist eco_socialist new_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic
Gezi Park protest crackdown (Turkey 2013) tr_gezi_protest_crackdown_2013	2013-06	↓↓	rule of law↓product market competition↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Imamoğlu pre-trial detention (Turkey 2025) tr_imamoglu_imprisonment_2025	2025-03	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Turkey-Iran natural gas deal tr_iran_gas_deal_1996	1996-08	↑↑	energy supply security↑trade openness↑	developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian austrian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist eco_socialist new_keynesian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist institutionalism ordoliberal social_democratic
Turkey ISI model terminal crisis 1977-1980 tr_isi_model_terminal_crisis_1977_1980	1977	↑↓	monetary expansion direction↑trade openness↓	institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist marxian eco_socialist
Turkey 24 January 1980 Stabilization Package tr_january_24_1980_stabilisation_package	1980-01	↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑financial deregulation↑	institutionalism classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism democratic_socialist marxian eco_socialist
Credit Guarantee Fund (KGF) expansion (Turkey 2017) tr_kgf_credit_guarantee_expansion_2017	2017-03	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑financial deregulation↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
KKM FX-protected deposit scheme (Turkey 2021) tr_kkm_fx_protected_deposits_2021	2021-12	↑↓↑	sectoral subsidy↑financial deregulation↓monetary expansion direction↑	chicago_monetarism mmt
KKM FX-protected deposit unwind (Turkey 2023-2025) tr_kkm_unwind_2023_2025	2023-08	↓↑	sectoral subsidy↓financial deregulation↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
August 2018 lira crisis and Brunson sanctions (Turkey) tr_lira_crisis_brunson_2018	2018-08	↓↓	central bank independence↓financial deregulation↓	chicago_monetarism mmt
OHAL state of emergency and KHK decree-law rule (Turkey 2016-2018) tr_ohal_state_of_emergency_2016_2018	2016-07	↓↓↓	rule of law↓property rights↓product market competition↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Özal export-subsidy and managed-depreciation deepening 1980-1983 tr_ozal_export_subsidies_deepening_1980_1983	1980	↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal market_socialist ordoliberal developmentalism new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian
Post-coup judicial purge (Turkey 2016-2018) tr_post_coup_judicial_purge_2016_2018	2016-07	↓↓	judicial independence↓rule of law↓	developmentalism classical_liberal
Turkish SOE privatisation programme (1993-1996) tr_privatisation_programme_1993_1996	1993	↑	product market competition↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal democratic_socialist developmentalism marxian post_keynesian ordoliberal
Şimşek orthodox-pivot economic programme (Turkey 2023) tr_simsek_orthodox_pivot_2023	2023-06	↓↑↓	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑spending level↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Turkey martial-law trade-union suppression 1980-1983 tr_trade_union_suppression_martial_law_1980	1980-09	↑↓	labour market flexibility↑rule of law↓	austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal market_socialist ordoliberal developmentalism new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian
Tunisia 2022 Constitution and presidential system tun_2022_constitution_presidential_system	2022-08	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	—
Tunisia Code of Personal Status 1956 tun_code_personal_status_1956	1956-08	↑↑	rule of law↑property rights↑	developmentalism social_democratic institutionalism
Tunisia state-led education and health expansion tun_education_health_expansion_1958_1970s	1958	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	developmentalism social_democratic institutionalism
Tunisia Perspectives Decennales and cooperative planning programme tun_perspectives_decennales_1962	1962	↓↑↑	product market competition↓sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	developmentalism social_democratic institutionalism
Turkey 24 January 1980 Programme turkey_24_january_1980_programme	1983	↑↓↑↑	trade openness↑financial deregulation↓product market competition↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism
Turkey Capital Account Liberalisation 1989 turkey_capital_account_liberalisation_1989	1983	↑↓↑↑	trade openness↑financial deregulation↓product market competition↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism
Turkey Cbrt Political Pressure 2013 2023 turkey_cbrt_political_pressure_2013_2023	2002	↑↓~↓	product market competition↑central bank independence↓spending level~rule of law↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Turkish 'low-rate vs inflation' heterodoxy 2021-2023 turkey_erdogan_low_rate_heterodoxy_2021_2023	2021-09	↓↑	central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal mmt
Turkey Export Promotion Regime 1980 1988 turkey_export_promotion_regime_1980_1988	1983	↑↓↑↑	trade openness↑financial deregulation↓product market competition↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism
Turkey Imf Stabilisation Continuation 2002 2008 turkey_imf_stabilisation_continuation_2002_2008	2002	↑↓~↓	product market competition↑central bank independence↓spending level~rule of law↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Turkey Islamic Banking Legalisation 1983 turkey_islamic_banking_legalisation_1983	1983	↑↓↑↑	trade openness↑financial deregulation↓product market competition↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism
Turkey Kkm Fx Protected Deposits 2021 turkey_kkm_fx_protected_deposits_2021	2002	↑↓~↓	product market competition↑central bank independence↓spending level~rule of law↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Turkey Post 2016 Institutional Consolidation turkey_post_2016_institutional_consolidation	2002	↑↓~↓	product market competition↑central bank independence↓spending level~rule of law↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Turkey Soe Privatisation Programme 2003 2013 turkey_soe_privatisation_programme_2003_2013	2002	↑↓~↓	product market competition↑central bank independence↓spending level~rule of law↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Turkey Vat Introduction 1985 turkey_vat_introduction_1985	1983	↑↓↑↑	trade openness↑financial deregulation↓product market competition↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal developmentalism
Tanzania EACOP construction continuation tz_eacop_construction_continuation	2022-02	↑↑↓	energy supply security↑sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency↓	developmentalism social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Tanzania IMF Extended Credit Facility re-engagement 2022 tz_imf_ecf_re_engagement_2022	2022-07	↓↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑rule of law↑	developmentalism social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Julius Nyerere Hydropower Project commissioning tz_julius_nyerere_hydropower_commissioning	2024	↑↑~	energy supply security↑sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency~	developmentalism social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Ukraine hryvnia monetary stabilisation 1996 ua_hryvnia_stabilisation_1996	1996	↑↓	central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal institutionalism
Ukraine independence property-transition legislation 1991 ua_independence_property_transition_1991	1991	↑↑	property rights↑product market competition↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal institutionalism
Ukraine mass privatisation certificate programme 1995 ua_mass_privatization_certificates_1995	1995	~↑	property rights~product market competition↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal institutionalism
Corporate Tax Introduction 2023 uae_corporate_tax_introduction_2023	1971	↑↑↑~	product market competition↑trade openness↑tax corporate↑central bank independence~	developmentalism classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Difc Adgm Financial Zones 2004 2015 uae_difc_adgm_financial_zones_2004_2015	1971	↑↑↑~	product market competition↑trade openness↑tax corporate↑central bank independence~	developmentalism classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Dirham Peg 1997 uae_dirham_peg_1997	1971	↑↑↑~	product market competition↑trade openness↑tax corporate↑central bank independence~	developmentalism classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Foreign Ownership Reform 2020 uae_foreign_ownership_reform_2020	1971	↑↑↑~	product market competition↑trade openness↑tax corporate↑central bank independence~	developmentalism classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Jafza Free Zone 1985 uae_jafza_free_zone_1985	1971	↑↑↑~	product market competition↑trade openness↑tax corporate↑central bank independence~	developmentalism classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Vat Introduction 2018 uae_vat_introduction_2018	1971	↑↑↑~	product market competition↑trade openness↑tax corporate↑central bank independence~	developmentalism classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Act 2023 ug_anti_homosexuality_act_2023	2023-05	↓	rule of law↓	—
Uganda Lake Albert oil and EACOP final investment decision 2022 ug_lake_albert_oil_eacop_fid_2022	2022-02	↑↑↑	energy supply security↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑	—
Uganda Parish Development Model rollout 2022 ug_parish_development_model_2022	2022-02	↑↑	transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑	—
UK Article 50 notification of withdrawal from EU uk_article_50_notification_2017	2017-03	↓↓—	trade openness↓immigration openness↓rule of law—	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal social_democratic
Austerity 2010 2015 uk_austerity_2010_2015	2010	↓↓↓	spending level↓tax corporate↓transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
UK Autumn Budget 2024 — tax-raising package uk_autumn_budget_2024_tax_package	2024-10	↑↑↑	tax progressivity↑tax capital↑spending level↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
UK Autumn Statement 2022 — fiscal drag threshold freeze uk_autumn_statement_fiscal_drag_2022	2022-11	↑↓	tax progressivity↑spending level↓	empirical_pragmatist austrian
Bank of England operational independence uk_bank_of_england_independence_1997	1998-06	↑↓	central bank independence↑financial deregulation↓	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Bank Of England Nationalisation 1946 uk_bank_of_england_nationalisation_1946	1945	↑↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑product market competition↓	democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic austrian
UK £50bn bank-recapitalisation scheme (RBS, HBOS-Lloyds) uk_bank_recapitalisation_2008	2008-10	↓↑	financial deregulation↓spending level↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
Big Bang — London Stock Exchange deregulation 1986 uk_big_bang_financial_deregulation_1986	1986-10	↑↑	financial deregulation↑product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
New Labour fiscal expansion 2001-2010 (NHS + tax credits + public-sector employment) uk_blair_brown_fiscal_expansion_2001_2010	2001-04	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	—
UK Brexit implementation — EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement 2020 uk_brexit_implementation_2020	2020-12	↓↓↑	trade openness↓immigration openness↓sectoral licensing↑	—
UK British Aerospace and Shipbuilding nationalisation (1977) uk_british_aerospace_shipbuilding_nationalisation_1977	1977-03	↑↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓	post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
UK British Airways privatisation (February 1987) uk_british_airways_privatisation_1987	1987-02	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	chicago_monetarism austrian classical_liberal
British Coal Privatisation 1994 uk_british_coal_privatisation_1994	1990	↑↑—↓	central bank independence↑product market competition↑tax progressivity—spending level↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
UK Cameron-Osborne Austerity programme 2010-2015 uk_cameron_osborne_austerity_2010_2015	2010-06	↓↓↓	spending level↓tax corporate↓transfer expansion↓	—
Clean Power 2030 Action Plan - United Kingdom 2024 uk_clean_power_2030_action_plan_2024	2024-12	↑↑	environmental stringency↑energy supply security↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Coal Nationalisation 1946 uk_coal_nationalisation_1946	1945	↑↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑product market competition↓	democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic austrian
Corn Laws Repeal — UK 1846 uk_corn_law_repeal_1846	1846-06	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal austrian ordoliberal
Corporate Tax Reduction 2010 2015 uk_corporate_tax_reduction_2010_2015	2010	↓↓↓	spending level↓tax corporate↓transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
UK Corporation Tax main rate increase to 25% (April 2023) uk_corporation_tax_increase_2023	2023-04	↑	tax corporate↑	empirical_pragmatist austrian
UK Corporation Tax Reform 1984-1986 (Lawson base-broadening) uk_corporation_tax_reform_1984_1986	1984	↓↓	tax corporate↓tax capital↓	chicago_monetarism austrian classical_liberal
UK corporation tax rise announcement — March 2021 Budget uk_corporation_tax_rise_announcement_2021	2021-03	↑	tax corporate↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Council House Right To Buy 1980 uk_council_house_right_to_buy_1980	1979	↑↑↓↓	labour market flexibility↑product market competition↑financial deregulation↓tax progressivity↓	austrian
Council Tax 1992 uk_council_tax_1992	1990	↑↑—↓	central bank independence↑product market competition↑tax progressivity—spending level↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
UK COVID-19 Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (furlough) 2020-2021 uk_covid_furlough_scheme_2020	2020-03	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Dce Monetary Targeting 1976 uk_dce_monetary_targeting_1976	1976	↓↓——	spending level↓monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence—labour market flexibility—	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
UK electricity privatisation (1989-1991) uk_electricity_privatisation_1989_1990	1989-07	↑—	product market competition↑energy supply security—	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
UK Employment Act 1980 (Prior Act) uk_employment_act_1980	1980-08	↑	labour market flexibility↑	chicago_monetarism austrian classical_liberal
UK Employment Act 1982 (Tebbit Act) uk_employment_act_1982	1982-10	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑property rights↑	chicago_monetarism austrian classical_liberal
UK Employment Rights Bill 2024 uk_employment_rights_bill_2024	2024-10	↓	labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
End Of Free Movement 2021 uk_end_of_free_movement_2021	2016	↓↓~	trade openness↓immigration openness↓product market competition~	developmentalism marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism market_socialist social_democratic
Erm Entry And Ejection 1990 1992 uk_erm_entry_and_ejection_1990_1992	1990	↑↑—↓	central bank independence↑product market competition↑tax progressivity—spending level↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
UK exchange control abolition (23 October 1979) uk_exchange_control_abolition_1979	1979-10	↓↑	financial deregulation↓trade openness↑	chicago_monetarism austrian classical_liberal
UK first-wave privatisations (1981-1983) uk_first_wave_privatisations_1981_1983	1981	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	chicago_monetarism austrian classical_liberal
UK permanent full expensing for plant and machinery (2023) uk_full_expensing_capital_allowance_2023	2023-04	↓	tax corporate↓	empirical_pragmatist austrian
G20 London Summit commitments ($1.1tn multilateral support) uk_g20_london_summit_2009	2009-04	↑↓	trade openness↑financial deregulation↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
UK Great British Energy Act 2025 uk_great_british_energy_act_2024	2025-05	↑↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral subsidy↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Greenbelt Protection Sustained uk_greenbelt_protection_sustained	1990	↑↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist institutionalism marxian post_keynesian new_keynesian ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal market_socialist social_democratic
UK Grenfell Tower fire response and building-safety reform uk_grenfell_cladding_regime_response_2017	2017-06	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal social_democratic
Growth Plan Mini Budget 2022 uk_growth_plan_mini_budget_2022	2022	↓↑	tax progressivity↓spending level↑	—
UK Health and Social Care Levy 2022 uk_health_social_care_levy_2022	2022-04	↓↑	tax progressivity↓spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
UK Howe Budget (12 June 1979) — tax reorientation uk_howe_budget_1979	1979-06	↓—↓	tax progressivity↓tax corporate—spending level↓	chicago_monetarism austrian classical_liberal
UK Howe Budget 1981 — fiscal tightening in recession uk_howe_budget_1981_tax_rise_in_recession	1981-03	↓↑	spending level↓tax progressivity↑	chicago_monetarism austrian classical_liberal
UK Illegal Migration Act 2023 and Safety of Rwanda Act 2024 uk_illegal_migration_rwanda_acts_2023_2024	2023-07	↓↓	immigration openness↓judicial independence↓	empirical_pragmatist austrian
Imf Standby 1976 uk_imf_standby_1976	1976	↓↓——	spending level↓monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence—labour market flexibility—	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
Income Tax Cuts 1988 uk_income_tax_cuts_1988	1979	↑↑↓↓	labour market flexibility↑product market competition↑financial deregulation↓tax progressivity↓	austrian
Incomes Policy Social Contract 1975 1978 uk_incomes_policy_social_contract_1975_1978	1976	↓↓——	spending level↓monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence—labour market flexibility—	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian chicago_monetarism
UK Industrial Strategy White Paper 2017 uk_industrial_strategy_white_paper_2017	2017-11	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal social_democratic
Inflation Target Regime 1992 uk_inflation_target_regime_1992	1990	↑↑—↓	central bank independence↑product market competition↑tax progressivity—spending level↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
Iron Steel Nationalisation 1949 uk_iron_steel_nationalisation_1949	1945	↑↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑product market competition↓	democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic austrian
Labour Exchanges Act 1909 uk_labour_exchanges_act_1909	1909-09	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑spending level↑	social_democratic classical_liberal institutionalism
UK Lawson Budget 1988 — top rate 60→40%, basic 25% uk_lawson_budget_1988	1988-03	↓↓	tax progressivity↓tax capital↓	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
UK Levelling Up White Paper 2022 uk_levelling_up_white_paper_2022	2022-02	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Local Authority Planning Discretion uk_local_authority_planning_discretion	1990	↑↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist institutionalism marxian post_keynesian new_keynesian ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal market_socialist social_democratic
Maastricht Opt Outs 1993 uk_maastricht_opt_outs_1993	1990	↑↑—↓	central bank independence↑product market competition↑tax progressivity—spending level↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
UK Medium-Term Financial Strategy (March 1980) uk_medium_term_financial_strategy_1980	1980-03	↓↓	monetary expansion direction↓spending level↓	chicago_monetarism austrian classical_liberal
UK Miners' Strike 1984-1985 resolution uk_miners_strike_resolution_1984_1985	1984	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑product market competition↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
National Insurance Act 1911 uk_national_insurance_act_1911	1911-12	↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic classical_liberal institutionalism
National Insurance Act 1946 uk_national_insurance_act_1946	1945	↑↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑product market competition↓	democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic austrian
UK National Insurance rate cuts 2024 uk_national_insurance_cuts_2024	2024-01	↓	tax progressivity↓	empirical_pragmatist austrian
National Minimum Wage introduction uk_national_minimum_wage_1998	1999-04	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
UK National Wealth Fund launch 2024 uk_national_wealth_fund_2024	2024-10	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Net Zero Transition 2019 2050 uk_net_zero_transition_2019_2050	2021	↑↓↑	environmental stringency↑energy supply security↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism austrian chicago_monetarism
Network Charge Structure uk_network_charge_structure	2021	↑↓↑	environmental stringency↑energy supply security↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism austrian chicago_monetarism
Nhs Act 1946 uk_nhs_act_1946	1945	↑↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑product market competition↓	democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic austrian
Nhs Capacity Expansion 2001 2010 uk_nhs_capacity_expansion_2001_2010	2001	↑↑↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑financial deregulation↓	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
UK NHS internal market (NHS and Community Care Act 1990) uk_nhs_internal_market_1990	1990-06	↑—	product market competition↑spending level—	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Nhs Spending Ramp 2000 uk_nhs_spending_ramp_2000	1997	↑↓↑↑	central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Nimby Public Inquiry Regime uk_nimby_public_inquiry_regime	1990	↑↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist institutionalism marxian post_keynesian new_keynesian ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal market_socialist social_democratic
UK Northern Rock temporary public ownership uk_northern_rock_nationalisation_2008	2008-02	↓↑	financial deregulation↓spending level↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
Old Age Pensions Act 1908 uk_old_age_pensions_act_1908	1908-08	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	social_democratic classical_liberal institutionalism
People's Budget 1909-1910 uk_peoples_budget_1909	1910-04	↑↑	tax progressivity↑spending level↑	social_democratic classical_liberal institutionalism
Pfi Launch 1992 uk_pfi_launch_1992	1990	↑↑—↓	central bank independence↑product market competition↑tax progressivity—spending level↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
UK National Planning Policy Framework revision 2024 uk_planning_housing_target_revision_2024	2024-12	↑↓	product market competition↑property rights↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
UK post-Brexit points-based immigration system 2021 uk_points_based_immigration_2021	2021-01	↓↓	immigration openness↓labour market flexibility↓	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
UK Community Charge (Poll Tax) 1988-1990 uk_poll_tax_community_charge_1988_1990	1988-07	↓—	tax progressivity↓property rights—	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Poll Tax Community Charge 1989 uk_poll_tax_community_charge_1989	1979	↑↑↓↓	labour market flexibility↑product market competition↑financial deregulation↓tax progressivity↓	austrian
UK British Gas privatisation (December 1986) uk_privatisations_british_gas_1986	1986-12	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
UK British Telecom privatisation (November 1984) uk_privatisations_british_telecom_1984	1984-11	↑↑	product market competition↑property rights↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
UK Public Expenditure White Paper (February 1976) uk_public_expenditure_white_paper_1976	1976-02	↓	spending level↓	empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian chicago_monetarism social_democratic
Public Sector Employment Growth 2001 2010 uk_public_sector_employment_growth_2001_2010	2001	↑↑↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑financial deregulation↓	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Rail Privatisation 1993 1997 uk_rail_privatisation_1993_1997	1990	↑↑—↓	central bank independence↑product market competition↑tax progressivity—spending level↓	ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist
UK Passenger Railway Services (Public Ownership) Act 2024 uk_rail_public_ownership_act_2024	2024-11	↑↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Regulatory Divergence Post Brexit uk_regulatory_divergence_post_brexit	2016	↓↓~	trade openness↓immigration openness↓product market competition~	developmentalism marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism market_socialist social_democratic
Renters' Rights Act 2025 - United Kingdom uk_renters_rights_act_2025	2025-10	↓↓	product market competition↓property rights↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
UK Social Contract Phases 3-4 incomes policy (1976-1978) uk_social_contract_phase_3_4_1976_1978	1976	↓↓	labour market flexibility↓monetary expansion direction↓	post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
UK adoption of £M3 monetary targeting (1976) uk_sterling_m3_targeting_1976	1976	↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑	post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
UK Subsidy Control Act 2022 uk_subsidy_control_act_2022	2022-04	↑↓	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↓	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Sure Start early-years programme uk_sure_start_1998	1998	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Tax Credits Expansion uk_tax_credits_expansion	2001	↑↑↓	spending level↑transfer expansion↑financial deregulation↓	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
Tax Credits Wftc Ctc 1999 2003 uk_tax_credits_wftc_ctc_1999_2003	1997	↑↓↑↑	central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
UK Thatcher-era Privatisations (BT, British Gas, BAA, Water, Electricity) uk_thatcher_privatisations_1984_1989	1984-11	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	—
Tobacco and Vapes Act 2026 - United Kingdom uk_tobacco_vapes_act_2026	2026-05	↓↑	product market competition↓sectoral licensing↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Town Country Planning Act 1947 uk_town_country_planning_act_1947	1945	↑↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑product market competition↓	democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic austrian
Trade Boards Act 1909 uk_trade_boards_act_1909	1909-10	↓	labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic classical_liberal institutionalism
Trade Cooperation Agreement 2020 uk_trade_cooperation_agreement_2020	2016	↓↓~	trade openness↓immigration openness↓product market competition~	developmentalism marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal ordoliberal austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism market_socialist social_democratic
UK Trade Union Act 1984 uk_trade_union_act_1984	1984-07	↑↑	labour market flexibility↑judicial independence↑	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Transport Act 1947 uk_transport_act_1947	1945	↑↑↑↓	sectoral licensing↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑product market competition↓	democratic_socialist marxian social_democratic austrian
Truss mini-budget (Sep 2022) uk_truss_mini_budget_2022	2022-09	↓↑	tax progressivity↓spending level↑	—
UK temporary VAT cut 17.5% to 15% uk_vat_cut_gfc_2008_2009	2008-12	↑↑	spending level↑tax progressivity↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism ordoliberal
UK VAT on private school fees 2025 uk_vat_private_school_fees_2025	2025-01	↑↓	tax progressivity↑sectoral licensing↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
UK Wages Act 1986 uk_wages_act_1986	1986-07	↑	labour market flexibility↑	chicago_monetarism austrian classical_liberal
UK water and sewerage privatisation (December 1989) uk_water_privatisation_1989	1989-12	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Water (Special Measures) Act 2025 - United Kingdom uk_water_special_measures_act_2025	2025-02	↑↑	environmental stringency↑sectoral licensing↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian
Wholesale Market Gas Indexation uk_wholesale_market_gas_indexation	2021	↑↓↑	environmental stringency↑energy supply security↓sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism austrian chicago_monetarism
Windfall tax on privatised utilities uk_windfall_tax_utilities_1997	1997-07	↑↑	tax capital↑transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
UK Windrush scandal response and Lessons Learned Review uk_windrush_scandal_response_2018	2018-04	↑—	rule of law↑immigration openness—	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal social_democratic
UK-EU Windsor Framework 2023 uk_windsor_framework_2023	2023-02	↑↑	trade openness↑rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist austrian
UK Winter of Discontent — breakdown of 5% pay norm (1978-1979) uk_winter_of_discontent_paynorm_breakdown_1978_1979	1978	↓	labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
UK May Withdrawal Agreement three Commons defeats uk_withdrawal_agreement_three_defeats_2019	2019-01	——	rule of law—trade openness—	developmentalism eco_socialist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian institutionalism empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal social_democratic
Working Age Welfare Reform 2010 2016 uk_working_age_welfare_reform_2010_2016	2010	↓↓↓	spending level↓tax corporate↓transfer expansion↓	austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist market_socialist marxian marxist_leninist new_keynesian post_keynesian
Working Time Regulations 1998 uk_working_time_regulations_1998	1997	↑↓↑↑	central bank independence↑labour market flexibility↓transfer expansion↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal
16th Amendment and federal income tax 1913 us_16th_amendment_income_tax_1913	1913-10	↑↑	tax progressivity↑spending level↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal classical_liberal
Aaa 1933 us_aaa_1933	1933	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑financial deregulation↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian democratic_socialist institutionalism austrian classical_liberal
Aca 2010 us_aca_2010	2009	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑financial deregulation↑environmental stringency↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism austrian classical_liberal
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA / Obamacare) us_aca_obamacare_2010	2010-03	↑↓↑	transfer expansion↑product market competition↓tax progressivity↑	new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Affordable Care Act 2010 us_affordable_care_act_2010	2010-03	↑↑	sectoral licensing↑transfer expansion↑	new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
AUMF 2001 + Iraq AUMF 2002 — war authorisations us_afghanistan_iraq_auth_2001_2002	2001-09	↑↓	spending level↑rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism classical_liberal
Airline Deregulation Act 1978 us_airline_deregulation_1978	1978-10	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Airline Deregulation Act 1978 us_airline_deregulation_act_1978	1977	↑↓↓↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓financial deregulation↓monetary expansion direction↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 1990 us_americans_with_disabilities_act_1990	1990-07	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓rule of law↑	classical_liberal institutionalism chicago_monetarism
American Rescue Plan Act 2021 us_arp_american_rescue_plan_2021	2021-03	↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian developmentalism social_democratic austrian classical_liberal
Arra 2009 us_arra_2009	2009	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑financial deregulation↑environmental stringency↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism austrian classical_liberal
Violent Crime Control Act and Assault Weapons Ban 1994 us_assault_weapons_ban_1994	1994-09	↑↓↑	spending level↑product market competition↓rule of law↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian
GM + Chrysler managed bankruptcies and federal rescue us_auto_bailout_gm_chrysler_2009	2009-06	↓↑	property rights↓sectoral subsidy↑	new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Balanced Budget Act of 1997 us_balanced_budget_act_1997	1997-08	↓↓↑	spending level↓tax capital↓transfer expansion↑	social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Banking Act 1935 Fed Restructuring us_banking_act_1935_fed_restructuring	1933	↑↑	financial deregulation↑rule of law↑	—
Base Broadening 1986 us_base_broadening_1986	1981	↓↓↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓spending level↑	—
Bear Stearns rescue via JPMorgan with Fed backstop us_bear_stearns_jpm_rescue_2008	2008-03	↑↓	monetary expansion direction↑property rights↓	chicago_monetarism new_keynesian austrian
Biden China Export Controls 2022 2023 us_biden_china_export_controls_2022_2023	2021	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑tax corporate↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian developmentalism social_democratic austrian classical_liberal
Biden Student Debt Relief 2022 2024 us_biden_student_debt_relief_2022_2024	2021	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑tax corporate↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian developmentalism social_democratic austrian classical_liberal
Black Monday 1987 and Greenspan liquidity response us_black_monday_1987_response	1987-10	↑↓	monetary expansion direction↑financial deregulation↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Bretton Woods Exit 1971 us_bretton_woods_exit_1971	1971	↓↑↓↓	product market competition↓environmental stringency↑trade openness↓central bank independence↓	chicago_monetarism austrian post_keynesian institutionalism
Bush 43 Dividend Capgains Cut 2003 us_bush_43_dividend_capgains_cut_2003	2001	↓↓—↑	tax progressivity↓tax capital↓tax corporate—spending level↑	—
Bush 43 tax cuts (EGTRRA 2001 + JGTRRA 2003) us_bush_43_tax_cuts_egtrra_jgtrra_2001_2003	2001	↓↓—↑	tax progressivity↓tax capital↓tax corporate—spending level↑	—
Taxpayer Relief Act 1997 capital-gains rate cut us_capital_gains_cut_1997	1997-08	↓↓	tax capital↓tax progressivity↓	social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
CARES Act and COVID-era federal fiscal response 2020 us_cares_act_covid_fiscal_response_2020	2020-03	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑monetary expansion direction↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian developmentalism new_keynesian
Cfpb Creation 2010 us_cfpb_creation_2010	2009	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑financial deregulation↑environmental stringency↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism austrian classical_liberal
CHIPS and Science Act 2022 us_chips_act_2022	2022-08	↑↓↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓spending level↑	developmentalism post_keynesian austrian new_keynesian social_democratic classical_liberal
Clean Air Act Amendments 1990 (Acid Rain SO2 cap-and-trade) us_clean_air_act_amendments_1990	1990-11	↑↑	environmental stringency↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Clean Power Plan — EPA carbon regulation of existing power plants us_clean_power_plan_2015	2015-08	↑↓	environmental stringency↑energy supply security↓	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Clinton impeachment — perjury/obstruction proceedings 1998-1999 us_clinton_impeachment_1998_1999	1998-12	↓	rule of law↓	social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) 1996 us_clinton_welfare_reform_1996	1996-08	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian
Commodity Futures Modernization Act 2000 us_commodity_futures_modernization_2000	2000-12	↓	financial deregulation↓	social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Cuba diplomatic reopening and travel + remittance easing us_cuba_reopening_2014_2015	2014-12	↑	trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) us_daca_executive_action_2012	2012-06	↑	immigration openness↑	new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Reagan defence buildup (1981-1985) us_defence_buildup_reagan_1981_1985	1981	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Didmca 1980 us_didmca_1980	1977	↑↓↓↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓financial deregulation↓monetary expansion direction↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act 2010 us_dodd_frank_2010	2010-07	↓↑	financial deregulation↓sectoral licensing↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism austrian classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Doe Creation 1977 us_doe_creation_1977	1977	↑↓↓↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓financial deregulation↓monetary expansion direction↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Egtrra 2001 us_egtrra_2001	2001	↓↓—↑	tax progressivity↓tax capital↓tax corporate—spending level↑	—
Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act 2001 (EGTRRA) us_egtrra_tax_cut_2001	2001-06	↓↓	tax progressivity↓tax capital↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism classical_liberal
Eitc Expansion 1993 1996 us_eitc_expansion_1993_1996	1996	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	—
Eoa 1964 us_eoa_1964	1964	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↑	social_democratic institutionalism post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist austrian classical_liberal
Epa Creation 1970 us_epa_creation_1970	1971	↓↑↓↓	product market competition↓environmental stringency↑trade openness↓central bank independence↓	chicago_monetarism austrian post_keynesian institutionalism
Economic Recovery Tax Act 1981 (ERTA / Kemp-Roth) us_erta_1981	1981-08	↓↓↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓spending level↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Esea 1965 us_esea_1965	1964	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↑	social_democratic institutionalism post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist austrian classical_liberal
Estate Tax Phaseout 2001 us_estate_tax_phaseout_2001	2001	↓↓—↑	tax progressivity↓tax capital↓tax corporate—spending level↑	—
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac conservatorship us_fannie_freddie_conservatorship_2008	2008-09	↓↑↓	property rights↓spending level↑financial deregulation↓	chicago_monetarism new_keynesian austrian
Fdic Creation 1933 us_fdic_creation_1933	1933	↑↑	financial deregulation↑rule of law↑	—
Fed Funds Rate Spike 1979 1981 us_fed_funds_rate_spike_1979_1981	1979	↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism
Federal Reserve Act 1913 us_federal_reserve_act_1913	1913-12	↑↑	central bank independence↑financial deregulation↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal classical_liberal
Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act (FIRREA) 1989 us_firrea_sl_cleanup_1989	1989-08	↓↑	financial deregulation↓spending level↑	classical_liberal institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Flsa 1938 us_flsa_1938	1933	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑financial deregulation↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian democratic_socialist institutionalism austrian classical_liberal
Forward Guidance us_forward_guidance	2008	↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑central bank independence↑	new_keynesian austrian post_keynesian
FTC and Clayton competition package 1914 us_ftc_clayton_competition_package_1914	1914-10	↑↑	product market competition↑rule of law↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal classical_liberal
Ftc Doj Merger Guidelines 2023 us_ftc_doj_merger_guidelines_2023	2021	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑tax corporate↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian developmentalism social_democratic austrian classical_liberal
FTC non-compete ban rule 2024 us_ftc_noncompete_ban_2024	2024-04	↓↑	labour market flexibility↓product market competition↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian developmentalism social_democratic austrian classical_liberal
Glass Steagall Banking Act 1933 us_glass_steagall_banking_act_1933	1933	↑↑↑↑	financial deregulation↑rule of law↑transfer expansion↑spending level↑	post_keynesian democratic_socialist institutionalism austrian classical_liberal
Glass Steagall Repeal Glba 1999 us_glass_steagall_repeal_glba_1999	1933	↑↑	financial deregulation↑rule of law↑	—
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act 1999 us_gramm_leach_bliley_1999	1999-11	↓	financial deregulation↓	social_democratic classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Gulf War fiscal response 1990-1991 (Desert Shield / Desert Storm) us_gulf_war_fiscal_1990_1991	1991-01	↑↑	spending level↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Health Security Act failure (HillaryCare) 1993-1994 us_health_security_act_failure_1993_1994	1993-09	——	transfer expansion—product market competition—	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian
Hepburn Act 1906 us_hepburn_act_1906	1906-06	↑↓	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal classical_liberal
Higher Education Act 1965 us_higher_education_act_1965	1964	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↑	social_democratic institutionalism post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist austrian classical_liberal
Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA / Simpson-Mazzoli) 1986 us_immigration_reform_control_1986	1986-11	↑↓	immigration openness↑labour market flexibility↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty 1987 us_inf_treaty_1987	1987-12	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act 2021 (Bipartisan Infrastructure Law) us_infrastructure_act_2021	2021-11	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency↑	developmentalism post_keynesian austrian new_keynesian social_democratic classical_liberal
Ira 2022 us_ira_2022	2021	↑↓↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↓environmental stringency↑spending level↑	developmentalism post_keynesian austrian
Inflation Reduction Act 2022 — industrial policy / climate package us_ira_inflation_reduction_act_2022	2022-08	↑↑↓↑	sectoral subsidy↑environmental stringency↑trade openness↓tax corporate↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian developmentalism social_democratic austrian classical_liberal
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) — Iran nuclear deal us_iran_jcpoa_2015	2015-07	↑	trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Iraq surge — New Way Forward 30,000 additional troops us_iraq_surge_2007	2007-01	↑	spending level↑	chicago_monetarism new_keynesian austrian
Jgtrra 2003 us_jgtrra_2003	2001	↓↓—↑	tax progressivity↓tax capital↓tax corporate—spending level↑	—
Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act 2003 (JGTRRA) us_jgtrra_tax_cut_2003	2003-05	↓↓	tax capital↓tax progressivity↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism classical_liberal
Hurricane Katrina federal response and Gulf Opportunity Zone Act us_katrina_response_2005	2005-09	↑↓	spending level↑rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism new_keynesian austrian
Medicaid 1965 us_medicaid_1965	1964	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↑	social_democratic institutionalism post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist austrian classical_liberal
Medicaid Expansion 2010 us_medicaid_expansion_2010	2009	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑financial deregulation↑environmental stringency↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism austrian classical_liberal
Medicare 1965 us_medicare_1965	1964	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↑	social_democratic institutionalism post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist austrian classical_liberal
Medicare Modernization Act 2003 — Part D prescription drug benefit us_medicare_part_d_2003	2003-12	↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑product market competition↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism classical_liberal
Monetary Targeting Shift 1979 us_monetary_targeting_shift_1979	1979	↓↑	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑	chicago_monetarism
Motor Carrier Act 1980 us_motor_carrier_act_1980	1977	↑↓↓↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓financial deregulation↓monetary expansion direction↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Natural Gas Policy Act 1978 us_natural_gas_policy_act_1978	1977	↑↓↓↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓financial deregulation↓monetary expansion direction↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Nixon wage-price controls + Phase I-IV 1971-1974 us_nixon_wage_price_controls_1971	1971-08	↓↑↓	product market competition↓price control intensity↑trade openness↓	chicago_monetarism austrian post_keynesian institutionalism
Nlrb Cemex Joint Employer 2022 2024 us_nlrb_cemex_joint_employer_2022_2024	2021	↑↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑sectoral subsidy↑tax corporate↑	new_keynesian post_keynesian developmentalism social_democratic austrian classical_liberal
No Child Left Behind Act 2002 us_no_child_left_behind_2002	2002-01	↑—	spending level↑rule of law—	chicago_monetarism developmentalism classical_liberal
Obama Ara 2009 Recovery us_obama_ara_2009_recovery	2009	↑↑↓↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑financial deregulation↓environmental stringency↑	new_keynesian empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (Andrews Air Force Base deal) us_obra_1990_budget_deal	1990-11	↑↓	tax progressivity↑spending level↓	classical_liberal institutionalism chicago_monetarism
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (Clinton deficit reduction) us_obra_1993_deficit_reduction	1993-08	↑↓↑	tax progressivity↑spending level↓transfer expansion↑	classical_liberal chicago_monetarism empirical_pragmatist post_keynesian
US oil + gasoline price controls 1973-1981 us_oil_price_controls_1973_1981	1973-08	↑↓↑	sectoral licensing↑product market competition↓price control intensity↑	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist institutionalism marxian post_keynesian new_keynesian ordoliberal empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism classical_liberal market_socialist social_democratic
Osha 1970 us_osha_1970	1971	↓↑↓↓	product market competition↓environmental stringency↑trade openness↓central bank independence↓	chicago_monetarism austrian post_keynesian institutionalism
Paris Agreement — US signature + executive-agreement entry us_paris_agreement_signature_2016	2016-09	↑	environmental stringency↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
PATCO strike firings and union decertification (1981) us_patco_strike_1981	1981-08	↑	labour market flexibility↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
USA PATRIOT Act 2001 us_patriot_act_2001	2001-10	↓	rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism developmentalism classical_liberal
Phase Ii Iv Controls 1971 1974 us_phase_ii_iv_controls_1971_1974	1971	↓↑↓↓	product market competition↓environmental stringency↑trade openness↓central bank independence↓	chicago_monetarism austrian post_keynesian institutionalism
Prwora 1996 us_prwora_1996	1996	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	—
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA, 1996) us_prwora_welfare_reform_act_1996	1996	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	—
Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 us_pure_food_drug_act_1906	1906-06	↑↑	sectoral licensing↑rule of law↑	institutionalism empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal classical_liberal
Qe1 2008 us_qe1_2008	2008	↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑central bank independence↑	new_keynesian austrian post_keynesian
Qe2 2010 us_qe2_2010	2008	↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑central bank independence↑	new_keynesian austrian post_keynesian
Qe3 2012 us_qe3_2012	2008	↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑central bank independence↑	new_keynesian austrian post_keynesian
Economic Recovery Tax Act 1981 + Tax Reform Act 1986 us_reagan_tax_reform_1981	1981-08	↓↓↓	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓tax capital↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Reagan tax reforms (ERTA 1981 + TRA 1986) us_reagan_tax_reforms_erta_tra_1981_1986	1981	↓↓↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓spending level↑	—
Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 us_sarbanes_oxley_2002	2002-07	↑↑	financial deregulation↑rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism developmentalism classical_liberal
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) announcement (23 March 1983) us_sdi_announcement_1983	1983-03	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Section 232 Steel Aluminum Tariffs 2018 us_section_232_steel_aluminum_tariffs_2018	2017	↓↓↑↓	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑environmental stringency↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian developmentalism new_keynesian
Section 232 Tariffs 2018 us_section_232_tariffs_2018	2018	↓↑↑	trade openness↓sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism austrian chicago_monetarism
Section 301 China Tariffs 2018 us_section_301_china_tariffs_2018	2018	↓↑↑	trade openness↓sectoral licensing↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism austrian chicago_monetarism
Section 301 China Tariffs 2018 2019 us_section_301_china_tariffs_2018_2019	2017	↓↓↑↓	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑environmental stringency↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian developmentalism new_keynesian
Securities Act 1933 us_securities_act_1933	1933	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑financial deregulation↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian democratic_socialist institutionalism austrian classical_liberal
Securities Exchange Act 1934 us_securities_exchange_act_1934	1933	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑financial deregulation↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian democratic_socialist institutionalism austrian classical_liberal
Savings & Loan crisis onset (1986-1989) us_sl_crisis_onset_1986_1989	1986	↑↑	financial deregulation↑spending level↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Social Security Act 1935 us_social_security_act_1935	1933	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑financial deregulation↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian democratic_socialist institutionalism austrian classical_liberal
Staggers Rail Act 1980 us_staggers_rail_act_1980	1977	↑↓↓↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓financial deregulation↓monetary expansion direction↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Tanf Block Grants us_tanf_block_grants	1996	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	—
Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) us_tarp_2008	2008-10	↑↓↓	spending level↑financial deregulation↓property rights↓	chicago_monetarism new_keynesian austrian
Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA 1986) us_tax_reform_act_1986	1986-10	↓↓↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓tax capital↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Tcja Corporate Tax Cut 2017 us_tcja_corporate_tax_cut_2017	2017	↓↓—	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓trade openness—	chicago_monetarism
Tcja Individual Cuts 2017 us_tcja_individual_cuts_2017	2017	↓↓—	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓trade openness—	chicago_monetarism
Tcja Salt Cap 2017 us_tcja_salt_cap_2017	2017	↓↓—	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓trade openness—	chicago_monetarism
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act 2017 us_tcja_tax_cuts_jobs_act_2017	2017-12	↓↓	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian developmentalism new_keynesian
Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act 1982 (TEFRA) us_tefra_1982	1982-09	↑	tax corporate↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian post_keynesian
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) signature us_tpp_signature_2016	2016-02	↑	trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist ordoliberal developmentalism
Tra 1986 us_tra_1986	1981	↓↓↑	tax progressivity↓tax corporate↓spending level↑	—
Trump Deregulation Executive Orders 2017 2021 us_trump_deregulation_executive_orders_2017_2021	2017	↓↓↑↓	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑environmental stringency↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian developmentalism new_keynesian
Trump Immigration Restriction Eos 2017 2020 us_trump_immigration_restriction_eos_2017_2020	2017	↓↓↑↓	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑environmental stringency↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian developmentalism new_keynesian
Trump Paris Withdrawal 2017 2020 us_trump_paris_withdrawal_2017_2020	2017	↓↓↑↓	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑environmental stringency↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian developmentalism new_keynesian
Trump-era tariffs 2018-2019 us_trump_tariffs_2018_2019	2018-03	↓↑	trade openness↓sectoral subsidy↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian developmentalism new_keynesian
Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) executive orders 2025 us_trump2_doge_executive_order_2025	2025-01	↓↓↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↓judicial independence↓product market competition↑	developmentalism austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Trump second-term IEEPA fentanyl and border tariffs 2025 us_trump2_ieepa_fentanyl_tariffs_2025	2025-02	↓↓↓↓	trade openness↓immigration openness↓product market competition↓rule of law↓	developmentalism austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Trump second-term immigration enforcement executive orders 2025 us_trump2_immigration_enforcement_eos_2025	2025-01	↓↑↓	immigration openness↓spending level↑rule of law↓	developmentalism austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
"Liberation Day" reciprocal tariffs 2025 us_trump2_liberation_day_tariffs_2025	2025-04	↓↓↓	trade openness↓product market competition↓rule of law↓	developmentalism austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Paris Agreement withdrawal and climate-rule rollback 2025 us_trump2_paris_withdrawal_2025	2025-01	↓↑↓	environmental stringency↓energy supply security↑sectoral subsidy↓	developmentalism austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Trump2 Schedule F Deregulation 2025 us_trump2_schedule_f_deregulation_2025	2025	↓↓↑↓	trade openness↓immigration openness↓product market competition↑environmental stringency↓	developmentalism austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Trump2 Strategic Bitcoin Reserve 2025 us_trump2_strategic_bitcoin_reserve_2025	2025	↓↓↑↓	trade openness↓immigration openness↓product market competition↑environmental stringency↓	developmentalism austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism
Tva 1933 us_tva_1933	1933	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑financial deregulation↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian democratic_socialist institutionalism austrian classical_liberal
Usmca 2020 us_usmca_2020	2017	↓↓↑↓	tax corporate↓tax progressivity↓product market competition↑environmental stringency↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal austrian developmentalism new_keynesian
Volcker Appointment 1979 us_volcker_appointment_1979	1977	↑↓↓↓	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓financial deregulation↓monetary expansion direction↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism classical_liberal post_keynesian
Volcker Disinflation — Federal Reserve 1979-1982 us_volcker_disinflation_1979_1982	1979-10	↑↓	central bank independence↑monetary expansion direction↓	chicago_monetarism
Voting Rights Act 1965 us_voting_rights_act_1965	1964	↑↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↑	social_democratic institutionalism post_keynesian empirical_pragmatist austrian classical_liberal
Wage Price Freeze 1971 us_wage_price_freeze_1971	1971	↓↑↓↓	product market competition↓environmental stringency↑trade openness↓central bank independence↓	chicago_monetarism austrian post_keynesian institutionalism
Wagner Act 1935 us_wagner_act_1935	1933	↑↑↑↓	transfer expansion↑spending level↑financial deregulation↑labour market flexibility↓	post_keynesian democratic_socialist institutionalism austrian classical_liberal
Zirp 2008 2015 us_zirp_2008_2015	2008	↑↑	monetary expansion direction↑central bank independence↑	new_keynesian austrian post_keynesian
Uruguay abortion decriminalisation — Ley 18.987 uy_abortion_decriminalisation_2012	2012-10	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Uruguay Bono Crianza and First-Childhood Transfer Expansion uy_bono_crianza_expansion_2025	2025	↑↑	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Botnia/UPM Fray Bentos pulp mill + Argentine trans-border dispute uy_botnia_upm_pulp_mill_2005_2007	2007-11	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Uruguay BPS Microenterprise Debt Facilities 2026 uy_bps_microenterprise_debt_facilities_2026	2026	↓↑	tax corporate↓product market competition↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Uruguay cannabis legal market — Ley 19.172 uy_cannabis_legal_market_2013	2013-12	↑↑↑	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↑rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Uruguay Cannabis Market Pharmacy Rollout (2017) uy_cannabis_market_rollout_2017	2017-07	↑↑	product market competition↑rule of law↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Uruguay Competitiveness and Cost Reduction Bill 2026 uy_competitiveness_cost_reduction_bill_2026	2026	↑↑↓↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑tax corporate↓rule of law↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Uruguay Financial Inclusion Law — Ley 19.210 uy_financial_inclusion_law_2014	2014-04	↓↑	financial deregulation↓rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Uruguay FONASA-SNIS universal health insurance reform uy_fonasa_snis_health_reform_2007	2007-12	↑↑	transfer expansion↑tax progressivity↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Uruguay-China FTA Feasibility and Exploratory Talks (2022-2023) uy_fta_china_exploration_2022_2023	2022-07	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Uruguay Housing Title Regularisation Drive 2026 uy_housing_title_regularisation_2026	2026	↑↑	property rights↑spending level↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Uruguay personal income tax reform — IRPF Ley 18.083 uy_irpf_tax_reform_2007	2007-07	↑↑	tax progressivity↑tax capital↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Ley de Urgente Consideración (LUC) — Ley 19.889 (Uruguay 2020) uy_luc_ley_urgente_consideracion_2020	2020-07	↑↑↑	labour market flexibility↑product market competition↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Uruguay Mas Barrio Integrated Neighbourhood Intervention 2026 uy_mas_barrio_integrated_intervention_2026	2026	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Uruguay Mercosur Common External Tariff Reduction Push (2021-2022) uy_mercosur_cet_reduction_push_2021	2021-07	↑	trade openness↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Montes del Plata pulp mill and forestry-export anchor uy_montes_del_plata_pulp_mill_2014	2014-06	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Uruguay National Road Infrastructure Plan 2025-2030 uy_national_road_infrastructure_plan_2025_2030	2025	↑↑	spending level↑trade openness↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Uruguay PANES emergency-cash plan uy_panes_emergency_plan_2005	2005-04	↑	transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Uruguay 2008 pension flexibility reform — Ley 18.395 uy_pension_flex_reform_2008	2008-10	↑	transfer expansion↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Uruguay Pension Reform — Ley 20.130 (2023) uy_pension_reform_2023	2023-05	↓↑	transfer expansion↓labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Uruguay Pension Reform Partial Softening (2025) uy_pension_reform_partial_softening_2025	2025-07	↑	transfer expansion↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Uruguay Rendicion de Cuentas Priority Spending Package 2026 uy_rendicion_cuentas_priority_spending_2026	2026	↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑	social_democratic eco_socialist empirical_pragmatist
Uruguay same-sex marriage — Ley 19.075 uy_same_sex_marriage_law_2013	2013-04	↑	rule of law↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic austrian
Uruguay 2015 Tax Adjustment — Ley 19.333 Rendición de Cuentas uy_tax_reform_2015	2015-12	↑	tax progressivity↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
UPM-2 Pulp Mill Investment Contract and Ferrocarril Central (Uruguay 2017-2023) uy_upm_ii_pulp_mill_contract_2017	2017-11	↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Agenda Venezuela — IMF-backed stabilisation programme 1996 ve_agenda_venezuela_imf_1996	1996-04	↑↓↓	financial deregulation↑spending level↓sectoral subsidy↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Venezuelan Apertura Petrolera 1992-1997 ve_apertura_petrolera_1992_1997	1992	↑↑	sectoral licensing↑trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Venezuelan 1994 banking crisis and FOGADE intervention ve_banking_crisis_fogade_1994	1994-01	↑↓	spending level↑financial deregulation↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
CANTV and VIASA privatisations 1991 ve_cantv_viasa_privatisation_1991	1991	↑	product market competition↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Caracas Metro commissioning (Venezuela, 1983) ve_caracas_metro_commissioning_1983	1983-01	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Caracazo — 27 February 1989 urban revolt and repression ve_caracazo_february_1989	1989-02	↓	rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Chávez and Navy-Air Force coup attempts 1992 ve_chavez_coup_attempts_1992	1992	↓	rule of law↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Chávez pardon — sobreseimiento March 1994 ve_chavez_pardon_1994	1994-03	↓	rule of law↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
Venezuelan exchange controls 1994-1996 (Régimen de Cambio) ve_exchange_controls_1994_1996	1994-06	↓↓	financial deregulation↓rule of law↓	empirical_pragmatist chicago_monetarism institutionalism
External debt expansion (Venezuela, 1974-1978) ve_external_debt_expansion_1974_1978	1974	↑↑	spending level↑financial deregulation↑	developmentalism social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
External-debt restructuring — Venezuela (1983-1986) ve_external_debt_moratorium_1983	1983-02	↓↓	financial deregulation↓property rights↓	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
El Gran Viraje — IMF Paquete Económico 1989 ve_gran_viraje_imf_package_1989	1989-02	↑↑↓	trade openness↑financial deregulation↑sectoral subsidy↓	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
Iron-ore industry nationalisation (Venezuela, Decreto 580/1974) ve_iron_nationalisation_decree_580_1974	1974-12	↑↓	sectoral licensing↑property rights↓	developmentalism social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Oil nationalisation — Ley 5 de 1975 (Venezuela) ve_oil_nationalisation_ley_5_1975	1975-08	↑↓↓	sectoral licensing↑property rights↓trade openness↓	developmentalism social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
PDVSA holding company creation (Venezuela, 1 January 1976) ve_pdvsa_creation_1976	1976-01	↑	sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
Pérez impeachment — May-August 1993 ve_perez_impeachment_1993	1993-05	↑	rule of law↑	chicago_monetarism classical_liberal institutionalism
RECADI multi-tier exchange-rate system (Venezuela, 1983) ve_recadi_multiple_exchange_rates_1983	1983-02	↓↓↓	financial deregulation↓trade openness↓rule of law↓	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
V Plan de la Nación — 'La Gran Venezuela' (1976-1980) ve_v_plan_gran_venezuela_1976	1976-03	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑sectoral licensing↑	developmentalism social_democratic chicago_monetarism classical_liberal
VI Plan de la Nación (Venezuela, 1981-1985) ve_vi_plan_1981_1985	1981-04	↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Viernes Negro — FX regime collapse (Venezuela, 18 February 1983) ve_viernes_negro_fx_regime_collapse_1983	1983-02	↓↓	financial deregulation↓central bank independence↓	empirical_pragmatist developmentalism chicago_monetarism
Venezuela Bolivar Redenomination 2018 venezuela_bolivar_redenomination_2018	2013	↓↑~↓	central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↑product market competition~rule of law↓	marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism
Venezuela Bolivar Redenomination 2021 venezuela_bolivar_redenomination_2021	2013	↓↑~↓	central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↑product market competition~rule of law↓	marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism
Venezuela Central Bank Subordination venezuela_central_bank_subordination	1999	↓↓↓↓	product market competition↓property rights↓rule of law↓central bank independence↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian market_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal
Venezuela De Facto Dollarisation 2019 venezuela_de_facto_dollarisation_2019	2013	↓↑~↓	central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↑product market competition~rule of law↓	marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism
Venezuela Expropriations 2007 2015 venezuela_expropriations_2007_2015	1999	↓↓↓↓	product market competition↓property rights↓rule of law↓central bank independence↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian market_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal
Venezuela Fiscal Monetary Fusion 2013 2019 venezuela_fiscal_monetary_fusion_2013_2019	2013	↓↑~↓	central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↑product market competition~rule of law↓	marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism
Venezuela Fx Controls Cadivi 2003 venezuela_fx_controls_cadivi_2003	1999	↓↓↓↓	product market competition↓property rights↓rule of law↓central bank independence↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian market_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal
Venezuela Monetisation Of Deficit 2013 2019 venezuela_monetisation_of_deficit_2013_2019	1999	↓↓↓↓	product market competition↓property rights↓rule of law↓central bank independence↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian market_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal
Venezuela Oil Sector Pdvsa Collapse 2013 2020 venezuela_oil_sector_pdvsa_collapse_2013_2020	2013	↓↑~↓	central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↑product market competition~rule of law↓	marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism
PDVSA autonomy loss + upstream nationalisation 2003-2007 venezuela_pdvsa_nationalisation_2003_2007	2003-02	↑↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↓property rights↓	—
Venezuela Pdvsa Politicisation 2002 venezuela_pdvsa_politicisation_2002	1999	↓↓↓↓	product market competition↓property rights↓rule of law↓central bank independence↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian market_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal
Venezuela Petro Cryptocurrency 2018 venezuela_petro_cryptocurrency_2018	2013	↓↑~↓	central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↑product market competition~rule of law↓	marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism
Venezuela Price Controls Food 2003 venezuela_price_controls_food_2003	1999	↓↑↓↓↓	product market competition↓price control intensity↑property rights↓rule of law↓central bank independence↓	democratic_socialist developmentalism eco_socialist marxian marxist_leninist post_keynesian market_socialist social_democratic empirical_pragmatist austrian chicago_monetarism institutionalism classical_liberal new_keynesian ordoliberal
Venezuela Price Fx Control Relaxation 2019 venezuela_price_fx_control_relaxation_2019	2013	↓↑~↓	central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↑product market competition~rule of law↓	marxist_leninist austrian chicago_monetarism
Đổi Mới (Renovation) — Vietnam 1986 vietnam_doi_moi_1986	1986-12	↑↑↑↓	product market competition↑trade openness↑property rights↑sectoral subsidy↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism market_socialist
Vietnam Enterprise Law 1999 vietnam_enterprise_law_1999	1986	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑property rights↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism market_socialist
Vietnam Resolution 10 1988 vietnam_resolution_10_1988	1986	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑property rights↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism market_socialist
Vietnam Soe Equitisation 1992 Present vietnam_soe_equitisation_1992_present	1986	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑property rights↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism market_socialist
Vietnam Us Bta 2001 vietnam_us_bta_2001	1986	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑property rights↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism market_socialist
Vietnam Wto Accession 2007 vietnam_wto_accession_2007	1986	↑↑↑↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑property rights↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism market_socialist
Vietnam 1992 Constitution — multi-sector economy recognition vn_1992_constitution_market_recognition	1992-04	↑↑	property rights↑rule of law↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Vietnam ASEAN accession 1995 vn_asean_accession_1995	1995-07	↑	trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Blazing Furnace (đốt lò) anti-corruption campaign vn_blazing_furnace_anti_corruption_2016_2024	2016	↑↓↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↓product market competition↑	developmentalism market_socialist chicago_monetarism
Blazing Furnace Anti Corruption Escalation 2016 2021 vn_blazing_furnace_anti_corruption_escalation_2016_2021	2016	↑↑↑—	trade openness↑rule of law↑product market competition↑spending level—	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Vietnamese invasion and occupation of Cambodia (1978-1989) vn_cambodia_invasion_1978_1989	1978-12	↑↓	spending level↑trade openness↓	marxist_leninist developmentalism classical_liberal
Vietnam chip / semiconductor industrial-policy push 2023-present vn_chip_semiconductor_strategy_2023_present	2023	↑↑↑	sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑product market competition↑	developmentalism market_socialist chicago_monetarism
Vietnam Constitution revision 2013 vn_constitution_revision_2013	2013-11	—↑	property rights—rule of law↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism market_socialist
Vietnam early COVID-19 containment and border closure 2020 vn_covid_early_containment_border_closure_2020	2020-02	↓—	trade openness↓product market competition—	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Vietnam CPTPP entry 2019 vn_cptpp_entry_2019	2019-01	↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑labour market flexibility↑	developmentalism market_socialist chicago_monetarism
Vietnam CPTPP ratification 2018 vn_cptpp_ratification_2018	2018-11	↑↑	trade openness↑labour market flexibility↑	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
September 1985 currency reform and hyperinflation (Vietnam) vn_currency_reform_hyperinflation_1985	1985-09	↑↓	monetary expansion direction↑property rights↓	marxist_leninist developmentalism classical_liberal
Directive 100-CT/TW product-contract system (Vietnam 1981) vn_directive_100_khoan_1981	1981-01	↑↑	property rights↑product market competition↑	marxist_leninist developmentalism classical_liberal
Vietnam Enterprise Law (1999) vn_enterprise_law_1999	2000-01	↑↑↑	product market competition↑sectoral licensing↑property rights↑	classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Eu Vietnam Fta Ratification 2020 vn_eu_vietnam_fta_ratification_2020	2016	↑↑↑—	trade openness↑rule of law↑product market competition↑spending level—	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) entry 2020 vn_evfta_entry_2020	2020-08	↑↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑rule of law↑	developmentalism market_socialist chicago_monetarism
Vietnam Law on Foreign Investment 1987 vn_foreign_investment_law_1987	1987-12	↑↑	trade openness↑property rights↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Vietnam global-financial-crisis stimulus 2009 vn_gfc_stimulus_package_2009	2009	↑↑↑	spending level↑monetary expansion direction↑sectoral subsidy↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism market_socialist
Vietnam Khoán 10 household contract system in agriculture 1988 vn_khoan_10_agriculture_1988	1988-04	↑↑	property rights↑product market competition↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Vietnam Land Law — long-term land-use rights 1993 vn_land_law_1993	1993-07	↑	property rights↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Vietnam Land Law 2003 vn_land_law_2003	2004-07	↑↑	property rights↑financial deregulation↑	classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Vietnam Land Law revision 2024 vn_land_law_revision_2024	2024-01	↑↑↓	property rights↑product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism market_socialist chicago_monetarism
Vietnam price liberalisation and exchange-rate unification 1989 vn_price_liberalisation_1989	1989	↑↓↑	product market competition↑monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Vietnam Law on Private Enterprises and Law on Companies 1990 vn_private_enterprise_law_1990	1990-12	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓property rights↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Rcep Signature 2020 vn_rcep_signature_2020	2016	↑↑↑—	trade openness↑rule of law↑product market competition↑spending level—	classical_liberal empirical_pragmatist
Resolution 68-NQ/TW on private-sector development vn_resolution_68_private_sector_2025	2025-05	↑↑↓	product market competition↑property rights↑sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism market_socialist chicago_monetarism
Reunification of Vietnam as SRV (1976) vn_reunification_1976	1976-07	↓↓	rule of law↓product market competition↓	marxist_leninist developmentalism classical_liberal
Vietnam SOE equitisation programme (2000-2006) vn_soe_equitisation_programme_2000_2006	2004-11	↑↓	product market competition↑sectoral subsidy↓	classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Vietnam State Enterprise Law and General Corporations 1995 vn_soe_general_corporations_1995	1995-04	↓↑	sectoral licensing↓property rights↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
Vietnam Party-state apparatus streamlining 2024-2025 vn_state_apparatus_streamlining_2024_2025	2024	↓—↓	spending level↓rule of law—sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism market_socialist chicago_monetarism
Vietnam 'economic groups' SOE expansion (Vinashin / Vinalines era) vn_state_economic_groups_soe_expansion_2006_2012	2006	↑↓↓	sectoral subsidy↑product market competition↓rule of law↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism market_socialist
Vietnam stock exchange launch (2000-2005) vn_stock_exchange_launch_2000	2000-07	↑↑	financial deregulation↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Vietnam-US Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA, 2000) vn_us_bilateral_trade_agreement_2000	2000-07	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Vietnam-US diplomatic normalisation 1995 vn_us_normalisation_1995	1995-07	↑	trade openness↑	developmentalism classical_liberal
USSR-Vietnam Friendship Treaty and CMEA accession (1978) vn_ussr_friendship_treaty_cmea_1978	1978-11	↓↑	trade openness↓spending level↑	marxist_leninist developmentalism classical_liberal
VAMC and non-performing-loan clean-up 2013 vn_vamc_npl_cleanup_2013	2013-07	↑↑	financial deregulation↑property rights↑	developmentalism chicago_monetarism market_socialist
Vietnam WTO accession 2007 vn_wto_accession_2007	2007-01	↑↑↓	trade openness↑product market competition↑sectoral licensing↓	developmentalism chicago_monetarism market_socialist
Vietnam WTO accession preparation and entry (2001-2007) vn_wto_accession_preparation_2001_2007	2007-01	↑↑	trade openness↑product market competition↑	classical_liberal developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
X-2 campaign and socialist transformation of South Vietnam (1978) vn_x2_campaign_socialist_transformation_south_1978	1978-03	↓↓↓	product market competition↓property rights↓trade openness↓	marxist_leninist developmentalism classical_liberal
Yemen Economic, Financial and Administrative Reform Program 1995 yem_economic_financial_administrative_reform_program_1995	1995	↓↓↑↓	sectoral subsidy↓spending level↓trade openness↑monetary expansion direction↓	—
Yemen Social Fund for Development 1997 yem_social_fund_for_development_1997	1997	↑↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑rule of law↑	—
Yemen unification and multiparty constitution 1990-1991 yem_unification_constitution_1990_1991	1990-05	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	—
Yugoslav 1974 Constitution — confederal self-management federation yu_1974_constitution	1974-02	↑↑	rule of law↑judicial independence↑	developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal ordoliberal post_keynesian
Yugoslav Associated Labour Law (Zakon o udruženom radu) 1976 yu_associated_labour_law_1976	1976-11	↑↓↓	product market competition↑labour market flexibility↓property rights↓	developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal ordoliberal post_keynesian
Yugoslav hyperinflation 1988-1989 yu_hyperinflation_1988_1989	1988	↑↓	monetary expansion direction↑central bank independence↓	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian
Yugoslav IMF stabilisation programmes 1982-1988 yu_imf_stabilisation_1982_1988	1982	↓↑	spending level↓monetary expansion direction↑	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian
Yugoslav Marković reform programme 1989-1990 yu_markovic_reforms_1989_1990	1989-12	↑↑↑	central bank independence↑product market competition↑property rights↑	austrian classical_liberal chicago_monetarism institutionalism developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic democratic_socialist eco_socialist marxian post_keynesian
Yugoslav Western-debt accumulation 1973-1980 yu_western_debt_accumulation_1973_1980	1973	↑↑	trade openness↑spending level↑	developmentalism market_socialist new_keynesian social_democratic institutionalism democratic_socialist empirical_pragmatist classical_liberal ordoliberal post_keynesian
Public-Sector Antiretroviral Rollout Reversal (South Africa, 2003) za_arv_rollout_reversal_2003	2003-11	↑↑	transfer expansion↑spending level↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act (South Africa, 2003) za_bbbee_act_2003	2004-01	↓—	sectoral licensing↓property rights—	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Eskom Debt-Relief Arrangement (South Africa, 2023) za_eskom_debt_relief_2023	2023-02	↑↓↑	spending level↑sectoral licensing↓energy supply security↑	social_democratic developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Exchange-Control Relaxation (South Africa, 2003-2008) za_exchange_control_relaxation_2003	2003	↓↑	financial deregulation↓trade openness↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Expropriation Act (South Africa, 2025) za_expropriation_act_2025	2025-01	↓↓	property rights↓sectoral licensing↓	social_democratic developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act (South Africa, 2002) za_fais_act_2002	2002-11	↑	financial deregulation↑	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Electricity Regulation Amendment Act / Independent System and Market Operator (South Africa, 2024) za_ismo_electricity_reform_2024	2024-08	↓↑↑	sectoral licensing↓product market competition↑energy supply security↑	social_democratic developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Marikana Massacre and Platinum Sector Labour Rupture (South Africa, 2012) za_marikana_platinum_strike_2012	2012-08	↓↓	rule of law↓labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
National Minimum Wage Act (South Africa, 2017/2018) za_minimum_wage_act_2017	2018-11	↓	labour market flexibility↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (South Africa, 2002) za_mprda_2002	2002-10	↓↓	property rights↓sectoral licensing↓	empirical_pragmatist social_democratic
Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Amendment and Mining Charter III (South Africa, 2013-2017) za_mprda_amendment_mining_2013	2013-06	↓↓	sectoral licensing↓property rights↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
National Health Insurance Act (South Africa, 2024) za_nhi_bill_2024	2024-05	↑↓↑	transfer expansion↑sectoral licensing↓spending level↑	social_democratic developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Russian Nuclear Procurement MOU (South Africa, 2014) za_nuclear_procurement_russia_mou_2014	2014-09	↓↓	rule of law↓sectoral licensing↓	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
SARB Inflation-Targeting Defence and Mandate Preservation (South Africa, 2016-2017) za_sarb_inflation_targeting_defence_2016	2016	—	central bank independence—	social_democratic empirical_pragmatist
Two-Pot Retirement System (South Africa, 2024) za_two_pot_retirement_2024	2024-09	↑↑	financial deregulation↑transfer expansion↑	social_democratic developmentalism empirical_pragmatist
Zambia Kwacha Liberalisation 1992 zambia_kwacha_liberalisation_1992	1991	↑↑↓↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓property rights↑	chicago_monetarism
Zambia Namboard Dismantling 1993 zambia_namboard_dismantling_1993	1991	↑↑↓↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓property rights↑	chicago_monetarism
Zambia Price Control Abolition 1991 zambia_price_control_abolition_1991	1991	↑↑↓↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓property rights↑	chicago_monetarism
Zambia Privatisation Agency 1992 zambia_privatisation_agency_1992	1991	↑↑↓↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓property rights↑	chicago_monetarism
Zambia Zccm Privatisation 2000 zambia_zccm_privatisation_2000	1991	↑↑↓↑	product market competition↑trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↓property rights↑	chicago_monetarism
Zimbabwe Fast Track Land Reform 2000 zimbabwe_fast_track_land_reform_2000	2000	↓↓↓↓	property rights↓rule of law↓central bank independence↓product market competition↓	austrian
Zimbabwe Multi Currency 2009 zimbabwe_multi_currency_2009	2000	↓↓↓↓	property rights↓rule of law↓central bank independence↓product market competition↓	austrian
Zimbabwe Price Controls 2007 zimbabwe_price_controls_2007	2000	↓↓↓↓↑	property rights↓rule of law↓central bank independence↓product market competition↓price control intensity↑	austrian
Zimbabwe Rbz Fiscal Financing 2003 2009 zimbabwe_rbz_fiscal_financing_2003_2009	2000	↓↓↓↓	property rights↓rule of law↓central bank independence↓product market competition↓	austrian
Zambia Constituency Development Fund tenfold increase 2022 zm_cdf_tenfold_increase_2022	2022-01	↑↑↑	spending level↑transfer expansion↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
Zambia G20 Common Framework debt restructuring 2023-2024 zm_g20_common_framework_debt_restructuring_2023_2024	2023-06	↓↑	spending level↓rule of law↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
Zambia IMF Extended Credit Facility programme 2022 zm_imf_ecf_2022	2022-08	↓↑↑	spending level↓central bank independence↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
Zambia Lobito Corridor partnership 2023 zm_lobito_corridor_partnership	2023-10	↑↑↑	trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑rule of law↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
Zambia mineral royalty deductibility reform 2022 zm_mineral_royalty_regime_reform_2022	2022-01	↓↑↑	tax corporate↓trade openness↑sectoral subsidy↑	classical_liberal ordoliberal social_democratic
Zimbabwe Global Compensation Deed for former farm owners 2020 zw_land_compensation_deal_2020	2020-07	↑↑↑	property rights↑rule of law↑spending level↑	developmentalism marxist_leninist classical_liberal
Zimbabwe National Development Strategy 1 2021-2025 zw_nds1_2021_2025	2020-11	↑↑↑	spending level↑sectoral subsidy↑trade openness↑	developmentalism marxist_leninist classical_liberal
Zimbabwe Patriotic Act 2023 zw_patriotic_act_2023	2023	↓↓	rule of law↓judicial independence↓	developmentalism marxist_leninist classical_liberal
Zimbabwe ZiG currency launch 2024 zw_zig_currency_launch_2024	2024-04	↓↓↓	monetary expansion direction↓central bank independence↓property rights↓	developmentalism marxist_leninist classical_liberal
Zimbabwe ZWL currency reform 2019 zw_zwl_currency_reform_2019	2019-06	↓↑↓	central bank independence↓monetary expansion direction↑property rights↓	developmentalism marxist_leninist classical_liberal