Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
Immigration policy openness — work visas, family reunification, asylum processing, border enforcement posture.
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Directive 2006/123/EC — the Services Directive — required member states to remove unjustified authorisation requirements, residency conditions, and discriminatory restrictions affecting cross-border services and freedom of establishment, and to set up Points of Single Contact and electronic procedures for service providers. After heavily contested negotiations (the original "Bolkestein" proposal), the country-of-origin principle was dropped, but core liberalisation remained.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.