Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Financial-sector regulation — banking separation, capital requirements, cross-border activity rules, derivatives oversight.
Response to 1991 balance-of-payments crisis under PM Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Manmohan Singh. Dismantled the 'Licence Raj': abolished most industrial licensing (retained for 18 sectors then progressively reduced), phased out public-sector monopolies in sensitive sectors, reduced peak import tariffs from ~150% to ~65% by 1996, liberalised FDI via automatic-approval route up to 51%, devalued the rupee ~20%, and initiated banking + capital-market reform. Transformed growth from 'Hindu rate' of ~3.5% to 6-7% sustained through the 2000s. Landmark policy-content case the framework uses for trajectory analysis in an LDC context.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.