Policies·pe_mining_hydrocarbons_fdi_opening_1981

Mining and hydrocarbons FDI opening (Peru, 1981)

PER·1981 – 1985·enacted 1981-09-11candidate

movestrade openness↑sectoral licensing↓property rights↑

What the policy did

Ley General de Minería (Decreto Legislativo 109, 1981) and Ley de Hidrocarburos framework encouraged foreign direct investment via legal-stability contracts, tax-holiday regimes for exploration, and profit-remittance guarantees. Belco, Occidental, and Shell operated under expanded service-contract terms. Partial reversal under García 1985-90.

Policy-content fingerprint — what this policy moved, on which axes

Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.

intended

↑

trade openness

regulatory.trade_openness

Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.

increased · moderate

more open trade

↓

sectoral licensing

regulatory.sectoral_licensing

Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).

decreased · moderate

looser licensing, more open entry

↑

property rights

institutional.property_rights

Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.

increased · moderate

stronger property rights

Enacted by

peru_belaunde_ap_1980_1985

Empirical evidence — linked hypotheses

Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".

Estonia adopted among the most radical market-liberalisation packages of any post-Soviet state — flat tax (26% universal rate, 1994), currency board (EEK pegged to DM/EUR, 1992), rapid privatisation, unilateral free trade, and minimal capital controls — and by 2007 had recovered to Soviet-era GDP per capita levels and substantially exceeded them, while Belarusian and Ukrainian peers had not recovered comparably.

estonia_market_reform_post_soviet_growth_1991_2007inferred

viaregulatory.trade_opennessinstitutional.property_rights

PARTIAL — recovery threshold pass=True (year_recovered=1998, 2007 vs 1991 = 70.53282727739165); Baltic−CIS gap pass=False (gap=5.1509956229348575)

partial

Singapore's long-run prosperity and frontier convergence are better predicted by extreme trade openness, strong rule of law, competitive product and services markets, and high economic freedom than by state ownership or industrial targeting alone.

singapore_state_capacity_market_openness_comboinferred

viaregulatory.trade_opennessinstitutional.property_rights

PARTIAL — coef=-0.0001143, p=0.713 (above α=0.1); direction inconclusive

partial

Across emerging-market and developing economies 1990-2020, higher expropriation risk — measured by ICRG expropriation risk index, Heritage investment-freedom score, and political-risk ratings — predicts shorter investment horizons (higher share of short-term investment, lower share of structures and machinery) and lower capital intensity in tradable sectors.

expropriation_risk_investment_horizoninferred

viainstitutional.property_rightsregulatory.trade_openness

PARTIAL — coef=-3.637, p=0.231 (above α=0.05); direction inconclusive

partial

Starting from comparable 1945 post-war conditions — same ethnicity, language, pre-war German institutional and industrial inheritance, and with the GDR inheriting a larger share of pre-war industrial capital in Saxony and Thuringia — the Federal Republic's Soziale Marktwirtschaft (Ordoliberal market economy with welfare state) versus the German Democratic Republic's planned economy with administered prices, state-enterprise production, and soft budget constraints produced by 1989 a canonical divergence that pattern-matches >=7 of 10 pre-registered extreme-outcome metrics, each drawn from a different publisher or methodology family.

west_east_germany_economic_system_divergence_1950_1989inferred

viainstitutional.property_rightsregulatory.trade_openness

INCONCLUSIVE_DATA_PENDING — no outcome variable loaded; missing: ['derived: count of canonical_metrics with threshold met']

run pending

Vietnam's post-Doi Moi economic growth (1986-2020) is more strongly associated with private-sector enterprise entry, trade openness, and market-oriented reforms than with state-owned-enterprise (SOE) expansion or continued state direction.

vietnam_doi_moi_private_sector_growth_shareinferred

viaregulatory.trade_opennessinstitutional.property_rights

SUPPORTED — coef=+0.001558 (sign matches claim +), p=0.0749

supported

Australia’s long expansion after the Hawke-Keating reforms (1983–1996) — including tariff cuts, financial deregulation, competition-policy introduction, and fiscal consolidation — is better predicted by market liberalisation than by sector-specific state direction.

australia_hawke_keating_reform_long_runinferred

viaregulatory.trade_opennessinstitutional.property_rights

PARTIAL — coef=-0.03935, p=0.076 (above α=0.05); direction inconclusive

partial

Canada’s long-run prosperity after the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement (1988) and NAFTA (1994) is more associated with market openness than with national industrial-policy initiatives.

canada_market_liberalisation_vs_state_industry_1988_2024inferred

viaregulatory.trade_opennessinstitutional.property_rights

INCONCLUSIVE_DATA_PENDING — treatment 'canada_post_1988' has no within-country variation under country fixed effects

run pending

East Asian high-performing economies (South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong) achieved superior long-run total factor productivity and manufacturing productivity growth because export-market discipline forced competitive efficiency and technology upgrading, whereas economies that relied on protected domestic industrial policy without rigorous export exposure (Malaysia, Thailand in select sectors) experienced weaker long-run productivity.

east_asia_export_discipline_vs_domestic_protectioninferred

viaregulatory.trade_opennessinstitutional.property_rights

INCONCLUSIVE_DATA_PENDING — interaction term requested but no loadable constructed interaction variable is defined. The generic panel_fe runner would otherwise …

run pending

Similar historical policies

Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.

Saudi Foreign Investment Law (Royal Decree M/1)

SAU·2000

match

2.1

trade opennesssectoral licensingproperty rights

Indian Economic Liberalisation 1991 (Rao-Manmohan reforms)

IND·1991

match

1.7

trade opennesssectoral licensing

Balcerowicz Plan — Poland shock therapy 1990

POL·1990