Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Law 22/1999 on Regional Government and Law 25/1999 on Fiscal Balance between Centre and Regions enacted 7 May 1999, effective 1 January 2001. Devolved most administrative and fiscal powers to district (kabupaten/kota) rather than provincial level — skipping the province to reduce secession risk. Districts gained authority over ~11 sectors including education, health, agriculture, public works. Fiscal equalisation via General Allocation Fund (DAU, ~25% of domestic revenues) plus natural- resource revenue sharing. Proportion of government spending at sub-national level rose from 17% (2000) to 30%+ (2003). Largest single-step decentralisation reform of a large state in the modern period.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.