Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
The National Food Security Act 2013 entitles up to 75% of rural and 50% of urban population — ~813 million people — to subsidised foodgrains through the Public Distribution System at ₹3/kg rice, ₹2/kg wheat, ₹1/kg coarse grains (priority households 5 kg/person/ month; Antyodaya Anna Yojana households 35 kg/household/month). Converts what was an executive-scheme entitlement under the Targeted PDS into a statutory right, with pregnant women and lactating mothers entitled to ₹6,000 maternity benefit and children 6m-14y entitled to free meals via ICDS and mid-day meal scheme. Implementation tied to Aadhaar biometric authentication at fair-price-shop ePoS devices from 2016 onwards; 'One Nation One Ration Card' portability rolled out 2019-2022. During COVID-19 the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (Apr 2020 onwards) added free 5 kg/person/month on top of NFSA entitlement.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.