Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
State Council industrial-policy plan setting indigenous-innovation and domestic-content targets across ten strategic sectors: next- generation IT, robotics, aerospace, maritime equipment, advanced rail transport, NEVs, power equipment, agricultural machinery, new materials, and biomedicine. Deployed through state-bank directed credit, government guidance funds (政府引导基金, aggregate ~RMB 10trn by 2020), tax preferences, mandatory technology-transfer expectations, and procurement preference. Central trigger of the 2018+ US-China technology-policy confrontation and the framing template later rebranded as "new quality productive forces" (2023-). The plan's public-facing naming was downplayed after 2018 but core programmatic content (IC Big Fund, NEV subsidies, sectoral guidance funds) continued and in several sectors accelerated.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.