Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
Environmental regulation stringency — emissions caps, standards, phase-out mandates, carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards.
Italy's Recovery and Resilience Plan under NGEU, €191.5bn envelope (€68.9bn grants + €122.6bn loans) — the largest national allocation across the EU — plus €30.6bn from the complementary Fondo Complementare funded by national resources. Six missions: (1) digitalisation, innovation, competitiveness and culture (€40.3bn); (2) green revolution and ecological transition (€59.5bn); (3) infrastructure for sustainable mobility (€25.4bn); (4) education and research (€30.9bn); (5) inclusion and cohesion (€19.9bn); (6) health (€15.6bn). Disbursement milestone-linked: 527 original milestones and targets (revised to 621 after 2023 renegotiation under Meloni adding REPowerEU chapter). EU Council approved July 2021; six instalments disbursed 2022-2025 totalling ~€122bn by Q1 2025. Institutional structure: central cabina di regia at Palazzo Chigi; Corte dei Conti audit role; Unità di Missione in each ministry. Implementation bottleneck: local capacity (comuni, province) underdelivering against schedule; construction-input inflation 2022-2023 forced re-costing.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.