Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Environmental regulation stringency — emissions caps, standards, phase-out mandates, carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards.
Tax credit covering 110% of qualifying building energy-efficiency and seismic works (wall insulation, heating replacement, window upgrades, seismic retrofits), introduced under Decreto Rilancio (Decreto-legge 34/2020, Law 77/2020) as COVID-era construction stimulus. Structural novelty: cessione del credito mechanism allowed taxpayers to transfer the credit to contractors or banks, effectively converting the personal tax allowance into a liquid market-traded fiscal asset. Originally scoped as temporary through end-2021, extended multiple times into 2024 at declining 110→90→70% rates. Ex-post fiscal cost escalated from ~€35bn ex-ante estimate to ~€220bn cumulative by 2024 per MEF / Corte dei Conti, reflecting uncapped demand, fraud exposure, and cost inflation in construction inputs. Drove construction-sector boom 2021-2023 (construction GVA +40%+ from pre-COVID base) and was a material component of Italy's 2021-2023 growth surprise above EU-average. Meloni government phased out under Decreto-legge 11/2023 (restricting cessione) and Decreto- legge 39/2024 (tightening further).
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.