Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Altersvermögensgesetz of 26 June 2001 and Altersvermögensergänzungsgesetz restructured German pensions to reduce public PAYG replacement ratios and introduce state-subsidised voluntary funded second-pillar Riester pensions. Riester-Rente products (bank, insurance, investment fund variants) received matching grants and tax relief up to a contribution cap. Part of gradual transition away from monolithic PAYG model toward multi-pillar architecture.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.