General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Cumulative COVID emergency fiscal package enacted through a sequence of decreti-legge under Conte II: Cura Italia (DL 18/2020, March 2020, ~€25bn); Decreto Liquidità (DL 23/2020, April 2020, state guarantees on bank lending up to €400bn envelope); Decreto Rilancio (DL 34/2020, May 2020, ~€55bn including Superbonus); Decreto Agosto (~€25bn); Decreto Ristori quartet (October-November 2020, ~€20bn); 2021 continuation (Decreto Sostegni March 2021, ~€32bn; Decreto Sostegni-bis May 2021, ~€40bn). Additional deficit relative to pre-COVID baseline exceeded €180bn 2020-2021. Key instruments: Cassa Integrazione Guadagni extension to all employees (not just industrial), one-off bonuses for self-employed (€600 then €1,000), moratorium on evictions, tax-payment deferrals, SME credit guarantees through Fondo di Garanzia and SACE. EU Stability Pact general escape clause activated March 2020; deficit rose from 1.5% (2019) to 9.5% (2020), debt/GDP from 134.1% to 154.9%. Institutional innovation: heavy use of DPCM (Decreto del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) and decreti-legge created later Constitutional Court review on powers balance.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.