Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
Successive Christian-Democrat governments expanded Italy's public-sector pension system through Law 903/1965 and especially the 1973 "baby pensions" reforms allowing public employees to retire after as little as 14 years 6 months 1 day of service (15 years for women with children), with seniority pensions payable independent of age. Final-salary defined-benefit formulas combined with low retirement ages drove pension expenditure from below 5% of GDP in 1960 to roughly 14% by 1992, requiring the Amato and Dini reforms to begin retrenchment.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.