Environmental regulation stringency — emissions caps, standards, phase-out mandates, carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards.
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Phase 4 of the EU Emissions Trading System (2021-2030), implemented by Directive (EU) 2018/410 and later strengthened by the Fit-for-55 revision (Directive (EU) 2023/959), accelerated the linear reduction factor on the cap, expanded the Market Stability Reserve, extended ETS to maritime shipping, and created a separate ETS2 for buildings and road transport. The Innovation Fund and Modernisation Fund were enlarged through auction revenues to finance decarbonisation projects.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.