Environmental regulation stringency — emissions caps, standards, phase-out mandates, carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards.
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Amendment to the Gebäudeenergiegesetz (GEG) requiring that every newly installed heating system in Germany from 2024 use at least 65% renewable energy (effectively mandating heat pumps, biomass, solar thermal, or district heat for new installations in new-build areas, with longer transition periods in existing buildings and contingent on municipal heat-planning rollout). Drafted under Green Economy Minister Robert Habeck, severely watered down in Bundestag deliberation summer 2023, coupled with Heizkostenzuschuss means-tested subsidies up to 70% of replacement cost. Politically the most damaging Ampel policy in 2023 polling; identified in Forschungsgruppe Wahlen surveys as a primary driver of Ampel collapse in approval.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.