IESET.
Policies·nl_klimaatakkoord_klimaatwet_2019

Netherlands Klimaatakkoord + Klimaatwet 2019

NLD·2019 ·enacted 2019-06-28·VVD-CDA-D66-ChristenUniecandidate
movesenvironmental stringencysectoral subsidytax corporate

What the policy did

Sectoral climate agreement (Klimaatakkoord, 28 June 2019) between government, industry, agriculture, buildings, mobility, and electricity sectors specifying CO2 reduction measures, plus the Klimaatwet (2019) codifying binding targets of 49% by 2030 and 95% by 2050 relative to 1990. Introduced CO2 levy on industry, SDE++ sustainable-energy production subsidy framework, heat-pump subsidies, and electric-vehicle tax incentives. Anchored Dutch alignment with EU Green Deal.

Policy-content fingerprint — what this policy moved, on which axes

Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.

intended
environmental stringency
regulatory.environmental_stringency
Environmental regulation stringency — emissions caps, standards, phase-out mandates, carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards.
increased · strong
more stringent environmental rules
Binding 49%/2030 and 95%/2050 statutory targets with sectoral enforcement.
sectoral subsidy
fiscal.sectoral_subsidy
Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
increased · strong
expanded sectoral subsidies
SDE++ framework became largest Dutch sectoral subsidy programme; heat-pump and EV incentives layered on.
tax corporate
fiscal.tax_corporate
Statutory and effective corporate tax rates, treatment of depreciation, and international competitiveness.
increased · weak
higher corporate tax burden
CO2 levy on industry above ETS reference price.

Enacted by

Empirical evidence — linked hypotheses

Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".

The 2022-2026 wave of major-economy industrial-policy programmes — US IRA + CHIPS, EU Critical Raw Materials Act + Net-Zero Industry Act, EU Chips Act, Japan Green Transformation (GX, ¥150tn / ~$1tn announced), Korea K-Chips + Korean New Deal 2.0, China 14th Five-Year Plan + Made-in-China-2025-2.0 with semiconductors and clean energy as national-security frontier — represents the largest coordinated wave of industrial-policy spending in the post-1970s OECD record.
green_industrial_policy_global_chip_race_2022_2026inferred
viafiscal.sectoral_subsidyregulatory.environmental_stringency
INCONCLUSIVE_DATA_PENDING — insufficient observations after listwise deletion (20)
run pending
Germany's 2010-2024 Energiewende-driven reduction in territorial CO2 emissions, valued at a central social-cost-of-carbon (SCC) of USD 185/tCO2 (Rennert et al.
energiewende_avoided_emissions_value_outweighs_industrial_costinferred
viafiscal.sectoral_subsidyregulatory.environmental_stringency
PARTIAL — shape=panel_summary, |Δ_log|=0.119, ratio=1.13; claim direction ambiguous
partial
Germany's industrial electricity prices diverged upward from a basket of comparable industrial peers (United States, France, Sweden, Norway, Finland) after the 2011 Energiewende pivot and the gap widened further through the 2014 nuclear-phase-out milestones and the 2022 gas crisis.
german_energiewende_industrial_cost_trajectoryinferred
viafiscal.sectoral_subsidyregulatory.environmental_stringency
refuted — Germany's industrial GVA gap on 2015-2020 average is +0.095 log (wrong sign for industrial-cost-penalty story), placebo p=0.4444444444444444.
refuted
Ireland’s long-run convergence from a middle-income to a high-income economy during 1987–2024 is better predicted by trade openness, tax competitiveness, and FDI entry than by classic industrial planning.
ireland_market_opening_fdi_frontier_1987_2024inferred
viafiscal.tax_corporatefiscal.sectoral_subsidy
supported
supported
EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) allowance prices traded in a sustained €70-100/tCO2 range from late 2021 through 2024 (with a peak at €105 in February 2023), a step-change above the €5-30 range that prevailed through Phase I-III (2005-2020).
eu_ets_price_2022_2026_carbon_signal_strengthinferred
viaregulatory.environmental_stringencyfiscal.sectoral_subsidy
INCONCLUSIVE_DATA_PENDING — no outcome variable loaded
run pending
Indigenous-managed parcels in the Amazon basin (BRA, PER, COL, ECU, BOL), Canadian First-Nations comanagement areas, and Australian Indigenous Protected Areas retain at least 20% more above-ground biomass per hectare than biome-matched state- protected and private parcels over 2003-2023, after controlling for slope, accessibility, and pre-treatment biome composition.
indigenous_managed_land_carbon_stocks_protected_premiuminferred
viaregulatory.environmental_stringencyfiscal.sectoral_subsidy
REFUTED — sign - OPPOSITE claim +, ATT=-24.79, p=0.0806, N=70, treated_countries=4
refuted
Biden's IRA/CHIPS industrial policy will show partial success on capacity-building metrics and mixed results on job creation, consistent with the conditional view that industrial policy works where targeting is technically competent and governance is strong.
industrial_policy_semiconductor_chips_act_effectivenessinferred
viafiscal.sectoral_subsidy
inconclusive — Stacked: (4/4) spec-named semi-specific series unavailable on disk (oecd:STAN_INDUSTRY ISIC C26, bls:CES3133, ilostat:semiconductor employment, c…
run pending
Lula third-term's Nova Indústria Brasil 2024 industrial-policy package, conditioned on export performance and technology-diffusion metrics, produces measurable sectoral capability gains (semiconductors, green hydrogen, health-industrial complex) by 2030 — replicating the East Asian export-discipline conditionality pattern rather than the earlier Latin American import-substitution-industrialisation pattern.
nova_industria_brasil_export_discipline_pattern_effectinferred
viafiscal.sectoral_subsidy
INCONCLUSIVE_DATA_PENDING
run pending

Similar historical policies

Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.

References