Environmental regulation stringency — emissions caps, standards, phase-out mandates, carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards.
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Regulation (EU) 2023/956 — the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism — imposes a carbon price on imports of cement, iron and steel, aluminium, fertilisers, electricity, and hydrogen entering the EU customs territory, mirroring the EU ETS allowance price. A transitional reporting phase began in October 2023, with full financial obligations from 2026 as free ETS allowances are phased out, intended to address carbon leakage by equalising the carbon cost of EU and imported goods.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.