General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Progressivity of the personal income tax schedule, including top marginal rates, bracket spread, and targeted credits (EITC-equivalents).
Two emergency fiscal packages — D.L. 98/2011 (€48bn) and D.L. 138/2011 (~€54bn) — adopted by the Berlusconi IV government under mounting bond-market pressure and the 5 August 2011 confidential Trichet-Draghi ECB letter demanding structural reform and consolidation in exchange for SMP bond purchases. Measures: additional IRPEF surtax on top incomes, acceleration of pension-age rise for women in the private sector, VAT rise 20%→21%, closure of several tax-expenditure items, and public-sector hiring freeze. Despite the packages, BTP-Bund spread continued to widen, precipitating Berlusconi's 12 November 2011 resignation.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.