Environmental regulation stringency — emissions caps, standards, phase-out mandates, carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards.
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Directive (EU) 2023/2413 — the third Renewable Energy Directive (RED III) — raised the EU binding renewable-energy target to at least 42.5% of final energy consumption by 2030 (with a 45% indicative ambition), mandated transport, industry, heating, and buildings sub-targets, and introduced fast-track permitting "renewables acceleration areas" with shorter consenting deadlines. It also tightens biofuels sustainability rules and recognises low-carbon hydrogen toward targets.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.