Policies·au_clean_energy_future_carbon_price_2011

Clean Energy Future carbon-pricing package

AUS·2011 – 2014·enacted 2011-11-18·ALP-Greens-Independentscandidate

movesenvironmental stringency↑tax corporate↑

What the policy did

Clean Energy Act 2011 (18 Nov 2011) established fixed A$23/tCO2e carbon price from 1 Jul 2012 rising to A$25.40 by 2014-15 then transitioning to ETS from 1 Jul 2015. Covered ~60% of national emissions from ~500 largest emitters. Repealed 17 Jul 2014 by Abbott government.

Policy-content fingerprint — what this policy moved, on which axes

Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.

intended

↑

environmental stringency

regulatory.environmental_stringency

Environmental regulation stringency — emissions caps, standards, phase-out mandates, carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards.

increased · strong

more stringent environmental rules

Economy-wide carbon price covering ~60% emissions.

↑

tax corporate

fiscal.tax_corporate

Statutory and effective corporate tax rates, treatment of depreciation, and international competitiveness.

increased · moderate

higher corporate tax burden

Carbon-price revenue ~A$6-7bn/yr primarily on large emitters.

Enacted by

australia_gillard_alp_2010_2013

Empirical evidence — linked hypotheses

Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".

Indigenous-managed parcels in the Amazon basin (BRA, PER, COL, ECU, BOL), Canadian First-Nations comanagement areas, and Australian Indigenous Protected Areas retain at least 20% more above-ground biomass per hectare than biome-matched state- protected and private parcels over 2003-2023, after controlling for slope, accessibility, and pre-treatment biome composition.

indigenous_managed_land_carbon_stocks_protected_premiuminferred

viaregulatory.environmental_stringency

REFUTED — sign - OPPOSITE claim +, ATT=-24.79, p=0.0806, N=70, treated_countries=4

refuted

Indigenous-managed territories (documented across Amazon basin, Canadian First Nations, Australian Indigenous Protected Areas) retain higher biodiversity and lower deforestation than state-protected or privately-held land of matched biome.

indigenous_managed_land_biodiversity_outcomesinferred

viaregulatory.environmental_stringency

PARTIAL — ATT=-3.288, p=0.202, N=70, treated_countries=5 (above α=0.10)

partial

EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) allowance prices traded in a sustained €70-100/tCO2 range from late 2021 through 2024 (with a peak at €105 in February 2023), a step-change above the €5-30 range that prevailed through Phase I-III (2005-2020).

eu_ets_price_2022_2026_carbon_signal_strengthinferred

viaregulatory.environmental_stringency

INCONCLUSIVE_DATA_PENDING — no outcome variable loaded

run pending

Countries with aggressive green-transition regulatory stringency layered on top of gas-indexed wholesale electricity markets and premature phase-out of firm-dispatchable generation (Germany, UK, Belgium, Netherlands) have experienced materially higher industrial electricity prices 2015-2023 than comparable economies with more measured transition paths (France's nuclear retention, Nordic hydro, USA's shale-gas-backed grid).

green_transition_cost_trajectory_electricity_pricesinferred

viaregulatory.environmental_stringency

INCONCLUSIVE_DATA_PENDING — treatment 'aggressive_green_transition_dummy' has no within-country variation under country fixed effects

run pending

The EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) entered its definitive phase on 1 January 2026 (after a 2023-2025 transitional reporting-only phase), imposing financial liability on EU importers of cement, iron and steel, aluminium, fertilisers, electricity, and hydrogen embedding non-EU carbon costs.

cbam_2026_implementation_carbon_leakage_testinferred

viaregulatory.environmental_stringency

INCONCLUSIVE_DATA_PENDING — no outcome variable loaded; missing: ['un_comtrade:HS72_HS76_HS25_HS31', 'un_comtrade:HS72_HS76_HS25_HS31_volume', 'constructed: cou…

run pending

German industrial gross value added, manufacturing output, and real household income diverged materially from a synthetic-Germany donor- pool counterfactual over 2018-2025, and a variance decomposition across candidate channels attributes the majority of the divergence to regulatory-channel factors (Environmental Policy Stringency index increase post-2017, nuclear-phase-out schedule, single-supplier Russian gas dependency lock-in, industrial emission and reporting rules) rather than to fiscal-channel factors (general government consumption and tax burden were broadly stable across the Merkel late-term and Scholz years, with the debt brake in effect until 2023).

germany_decline_2018_2025_regulatory_not_fiscalinferred

viaregulatory.environmental_stringency

partial — DEU below synthetic by -0.251 cumulative over 2018-2022 (sign correct), but magnitude or placebo p=0.36363636363636365 below pre-registered thresholds…

partial

Policy-driven nuclear phaseouts produce a three-order causal chain.

nuclear_phaseout_energy_cost_industry_exitinferred

viaregulatory.environmental_stringency

PARTIAL — mean_gap=+0.04357, |gap|/pre_sd=8.7, p_perm=0.25; claim direction ambiguous

partial

Across the EU-27 panel 2005-2023, territorial CO2 emissions declined in absolute terms while real GDP rose -- a pattern-consistent absolute-decoupling regime.

eu_ets_absolute_decoupling_emissions_gdpinferred

viaregulatory.environmental_stringency

PARTIAL — shape=panel_summary, |Δ_log|=0.0241, ratio=1.02; claim direction ambiguous

partial

Similar historical policies

Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.

Netherlands Klimaatakkoord + Klimaatwet 2019

NLD·2019

match

1.6

environmental stringencytax corporate

CO2 tax escalator toward NOK 2000/t by 2030

NOR·2021

match

1.6

environmental stringencytax corporate

Reforma Tributaria — Ley 20.780 (Chile 2014)

CHL·2014