Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Benazir Income Support Programme launched July 2008 by the Gilani-Zardari PPP government as Pakistan's first national unconditional cash transfer. Initial PKR 1,000/month to eligible female household heads (expanded multiple times subsequently — PKR 7,000-8,500/quarter by 2020s). Poverty targeting via proxy means test (National Socio-Economic Registry, NSER surveys 2010-11 and 2020-22). Budget rose from PKR 34bn (FY2009) to PKR 400bn+ (FY2023). Supported by DFID, World Bank, ADB technical assistance. One of few durable policy institutions that survived PPP-PML-N-PTI transitions; PTI briefly rebranded as "Ehsaas" (2019) but BISP original name restored under PML-N coalition 2022. Largest unconditional cash transfer in South Asia by coverage.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.