Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
First annual competition law (Law 118/2022) in more than five years, required by 2009 statute but long deferred. PNRR milestone-linked under mission M1C1. Key provisions: (i) local public services (transport, water, waste) moved toward competitive tendering as default, with motivation-requirement for in-house awards; (ii) port and airport concessions reformed; (iii) beach concessions (concessioni balneari) — Bolkestein-compliance entered in statute with extension to end-2023 and tender obligation thereafter, though subsequent extensions deferred actual tendering; (iv) taxi and NCC licence framework adjusted; (v) professional services licensing simplified; (vi) SME-friendly procurement adjustments; (vii) AGCM (competition authority) powers enhanced on market-investigation and merger thresholds. Contested elements: beach-concession reform faced coastal-lobby resistance and was repeatedly deferred by successor Meloni government; local-services tendering progress uneven across regions.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.