General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Progressivity of the personal income tax schedule, including top marginal rates, bracket spread, and targeted credits (EITC-equivalents).
Ease of hiring/firing, collective-bargaining scope, minimum wage rigidity, temporary/permanent contract regulation.
IRS Jovem, expanded by the Costa PS government in the 2023 State Budget (Lei 24-D/2022) and further enlarged in 2024, provides graduated personal-income-tax exemptions to workers aged up to 26-30 (depending on education level) for their first ten years of employment, with full exemption in year one decaying to a partial exemption thereafter. The intended effect was to retain young Portuguese graduates at home against north-European emigration pressure, raise their disposable income early in careers, and address the demographic and emigration dimension of Portugal's labour-supply problem.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.