Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Ease of hiring/firing, collective-bargaining scope, minimum wage rigidity, temporary/permanent contract regulation.
MGNREGA (originally NREGA, renamed 2009) guarantees 100 days of unskilled manual-wage employment per rural household per year at statutory minimum wages, with a legally enforceable right to demand work and an unemployment-allowance backstop. Enacted under UPA-I but scaled nationally (all 600+ districts) by April 2008 and expanded through UPA-II with wage indexation, Aadhaar-linked wage payments, and social audits. Budget outlay moved from ~₹11,000 crore in 2006-07 to ~₹86,000 crore in 2023-24 (revised estimates). Empirical literature (Imbert-Papp 2015, Muralidharan-Niehaus-Sukhtankar 2016) documents rural wage support, reservation-wage effects, and fiscal-leakage reductions under DBT+Aadhaar rails. Coverage routinely 10-12 crore individuals and 5-6 crore households demanding work annually; during COVID-19 lockdown 2020-21 peak demand spiked to ~11 crore households.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.