Modi first + second term — Hindutva-economic-nationalism + supply-side reform (India)

Doctrine — stated goals and content

Hindutva-economic-nationalism combined with supply-side market reform and welfare-transfer digitisation. Economic school: (i) supply-side manufacturing push — Make in India (Sep 2014), corporate tax cut from 30% to 22% (22% for existing / 15% for new manufacturing) via Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance 20 Sep 2019, Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme launched March / October 2020 across 14 sectors (~₹1.97 trillion outlay); (ii) welfare- transfer digitisation via JAM trinity (Jan Dhan bank accounts from Aug 2014, Aadhaar universal ID, Mobile) enabling Direct Benefit Transfer for LPG subsidy, MGNREGA wages, PM-KISAN (₹6000/yr cash to farmers from Feb 2019), Ayushman Bharat health insurance (PM-JAY launched 23 Sep 2018 covering 500m people up to ₹5 lakh); (iii) indirect-tax unification via Goods and Services Tax (Constitutional 101st Amendment 2016, GST live 1 Jul 2017) replacing ~17 central+state levies; (iv) insolvency reform via Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (28 May 2016) creating National Company Law Tribunal creditor-driven resolution; (v) demonetisation 8 Nov 2016 overnight voiding of ₹500 and ₹1000 notes (86% of cash in circulation) with stated aims of black-money / counterfeiting / digitisation; (vi) infrastructure-capex push — national highway construction doubled, Vande Bharat trains, Bharatmala + Sagarmala, Gati Shakti 2021 integrated infra plan; (vii) real-estate regulation via RERA (2016) and REIT enabling; (viii) cultural-legislation agenda hardening in the second term — abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution re Jammu & Kashmir (5 Aug 2019), Citizenship Amendment Act (11 Dec 2019) fast-tracking citizenship for non- Muslim refugees from three neighbours, Ram Janmabhoomi temple consecration (Jan 2024), National Education Policy 2020 restructuring schooling and higher education; (ix) farm-laws package (three Acts passed Sep 2020) liberalising agricultural marketing — repealed Nov 2021 after year-long farmer protests at Delhi borders; (x) Digital India platform build (UPI, DigiLocker, CoWIN, ONDC) with UPI scaling from near-zero 2016 to ~14 billion monthly transactions by 2024. Economically right-of-centre on corporate, FDI, trade facilitation; culturally hard-right on religious-identity legislation. Popularity: 2014 31.0% vote / 282 BJP seats (NDA 336); 2019 37.4% vote / 303 BJP seats (NDA 353) — strongest consecutive BJP mandate in history. Modi approval consistently 55-70% across tenure per multiple trackers. Coherence line: digital-rails welfare + supply-side corporate competitiveness + majoritarian cultural legislation delivered via absolute parliamentary majority.