General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Progressivity of the personal income tax schedule, including top marginal rates, bracket spread, and targeted credits (EITC-equivalents).
Taxation of capital income (dividends, capital gains, inheritance, wealth). Distinct from corporate rate.
Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman's Union Budget 2024-25, presented 23 July 2024 after the NDA returned with 293 seats, set a fiscal-deficit target of 4.9% of GDP for 2024-25 (down from 5.6% in the Interim Budget) on a glide path to 4.5% or below for 2025-26. Capital-expenditure outlay retained at ~₹11.11 trillion (~3.4% of GDP). Personal-income-tax new-regime slabs rationalised — standard deduction raised to ₹75,000; short-term capital gains tax raised to 20% (from 15%) and long-term to 12.5% (from 10%) with unified holding-period definitions; angel tax abolished. Customs duties reduced on gold, silver, and mobile- phone components; indexation benefit on real estate removed then partially restored on amendment. Employment-linked incentive schemes launched via EPFO linkage. Nine-priority framework highlighted: productivity and resilience in agriculture; employment and skilling; inclusive human resource development; manufacturing and services; urban development; energy security; infrastructure; innovation R&D; and next-gen reforms. Coalition-partner allocations to Andhra Pradesh (₹15,000 cr Amaravati) and Bihar (road, airport, Nalanda, power projects ~₹26,000 cr) were prominent.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.