Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 consolidated India's fragmented insolvency laws (Companies Act, SICA, SARFAESI, DRT) into a single creditor-driven resolution framework administered by the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) with 180-day (plus 90-day extension) resolution timelines. Established the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI), insolvency-professional licensing, and information utilities. For the first time in Indian corporate law, creditors — not promoters — control the resolution process once a Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process is admitted. RBI's June 2017 reference of 12 large NPA accounts (~25% of system NPAs) to NCLT materialised the regime. Recovery rates under IBC ran ~32% on admitted claims in the first years — low in absolute terms but materially above the prior DRT/SARFAESI baseline. Amendments in 2018, 2019, 2020 (COVID suspension), 2021 (pre-pack for MSMEs) iterated the framework.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.