De jure and de facto independence of the central bank from fiscal authority. Per D.1.5 scope, one of the framework's defensible monetary positions.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Ease of hiring/firing, collective-bargaining scope, minimum wage rigidity, temporary/permanent contract regulation.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Sequential reforms — the 1997 Treu Package, the 2003 Biagi law, and the 2014–15 Jobs Act — liberalised fixed-term, agency-temp and project-based contracts at the margin while leaving Article 18 dismissal protections for permanent contracts largely intact until 2015, producing a sharply dual labour market with high turnover among under-35 workers and stable insiders. Combined with euro entry without companion unit-labour-cost reform, the dualism trapped young Italians in low-tenure employment and depressed productivity-enhancing reallocation.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.