De jure and de facto independence of the central bank from fiscal authority. Per D.1.5 scope, one of the framework's defensible monetary positions.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Ease of hiring/firing, collective-bargaining scope, minimum wage rigidity, temporary/permanent contract regulation.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Italy adopted the euro at irrevocable conversion rates on 1 January 1999, with euro banknotes and coins entering circulation on 1 January 2002, transferring monetary-policy authority to the ECB and locking in the lira at 1936.27 per euro. Without accompanying structural reforms to product and labour markets or to the persistent regional dualism, euro entry stabilised borrowing costs in the early 2000s but exposed Italy to relative-unit-labour-cost drift versus core-EMU partners through the next two decades.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.