Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
The 1902 tariff law raised duties on grain and a wide range of industrial goods, hardening the protectionist settlement that linked Junker agriculture with Ruhr heavy industry. It is commonly treated as the key fiscal-regulatory bargain of late Wilhelmine political economy: preserve domestic producers against foreign competition, stabilise elite coalition politics, and accept higher food and input costs as the price of social and political cohesion inside the empire.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.