Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
IMF Stand-By Arrangement agreed with Pakistan in November 2008 in response to the balance-of-payments crisis driven by the global commodity shock and capital outflows. The programme of about USD 7.6 billion required fiscal consolidation, monetary tightening, removal of subsidies, and tariff rationalisation. Implementation slippage on tax and energy reforms caused the programme to lapse before completion in 2011, foreshadowing recurring IMF engagement.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.