Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Pakistan's energy-sector "circular debt" crisis under the PPP-led Gilani–Zardari government (2008–2013), in which under-recovery of tariffs, theft, and unpaid government bills accumulated as cross-claims among IPPs, distribution companies, and state oil and gas suppliers. The crisis produced chronic load-shedding, repeated treasury bailouts to clear debt stock, and a binding constraint on output that shaped the subsequent IMF programme and Sharif-era reforms.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.