Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Universal child allowance (kodomo teate) launched April 2010 by the Hatoyama cabinet as the flagship DPJ 2009 manifesto transfer programme — ¥13,000 per month per child under 15 (planned ¥26,000/month for FY2011 but fiscally unsustainable, held at ¥13,000), universal regardless of parental income. Replaced the means-tested jidō teate inherited from LDP governments. Estimated cost ¥2.2tn annually at ¥13,000 rate. Rolled back to income-tested jidō teate-style structure under the three-party agreement August 2011 ahead of Noda consumption-tax negotiations; full universality abandoned. Illustrative of DPJ's pay-as-you-go fiscal commitment rhetoric vs implementation reality.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.