Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Decreto-legge 39/2024 (Law 67/2024) tightening Superbonus access and transfer mechanics, following earlier Decreto-legge 11/2023 that had already restricted cessione del credito / sconto in fattura for works started after February 2023. Key 2024 measures: blocked remontage of the cessione mechanism for residual cases; further tightened eligibility for heritage and condominio projects; capped forward fiscal cost through 2026; tightened anti-fraud controls on receivables purchased by banks (spread-recognition limits). Ex-post Corte dei Conti updates cumulative gross fiscal cost of Superbonus regime ~€220bn by 2024 against ex-ante ~€35bn — ~6x blow-out that materially moved Italy's deficit path. Construction-sector boom (GVA +40% cumulative 2020-2023) reversed sharply in 2024 as work pipelines exhausted. Policy analytically important as natural- experiment case of uncapped demand-side fiscal credit with market- liquid transfer instrument; influenced EU fiscal-governance discussions on contingent liabilities.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.