Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Environmental regulation stringency — emissions caps, standards, phase-out mandates, carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards.
Applied a zero VAT rate to the supply, import and installation of photovoltaic modules up to 35 kWp on residential and public-interest buildings, effective 1 January 2024 (sunset end 2025 pending review). Replaced the prior Investitionsfoerderung subsidy route that had been chronically oversubscribed with an at-point-of-sale price reduction. Transposed under the EU VAT Directive's 2022 amendment allowing zero rates for specified green goods.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.