Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Immigration policy openness — work visas, family reunification, asylum processing, border enforcement posture.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
Costa PS-majority government's omnibus response to Lisbon/Porto housing price pressure. Promulgated by President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa on 6 October 2023 after initial veto. Key provisions: (a) termination of the real-estate track of the Autorização de Residência para Atividade de Investimento (ARI / golden visa); (b) licence freeze on new Alojamento Local (short-term-rental) registrations outside low-density interior municipalities; (c) rent-cap formula capping new-lease uplifts at prior-year CPI + 2% where landlord applies above-formula; (d) contested forced-leasing mechanism for vacant habitable dwellings in declared urban pressure zones (application scope narrow in practice); (e) VAT reduction on construction of affordable housing; (f) 'Porta 65' youth rent-subsidy expansion. Partial rollback begun under Montenegro government 2024 via Construir Portugal package, which removed the forced-lease article and loosened the rent-cap formula.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.