General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
FY2025 general-account budget passed by the Diet on 31 March 2025 — the first budget passed by an LDP minority coalition since 2009. The Ishiba government secured Shūgiin passage with Japan Innovation Party (Ishin) cooperation in exchange for a free-high-school-tuition expansion, and DPFP cooperation tied to the '¥1.03m wall' basic- deduction reform. Total general-account spending was around ¥115tn, including continued defence-envelope build-up under the 2022 plan, cost-of-living energy subsidies, regional-revitalisation funding, expanded tuition support, and social-security aging-driven increases. Primary deficit remained a recognised concern, but no explicit consolidation target was adopted. Passage demonstrated issue-by- issue legislative cooperation as the operating mode of the minority parliament.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.