De jure and de facto independence of the central bank from fiscal authority. Per D.1.5 scope, one of the framework's defensible monetary positions.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
Brazil's National Privatisation Programme (PND), administered by BNDES through the Cardoso years, divested federal SOEs across telecoms (Telebras 1998), mining (Vale 1997), steel, electricity, and banking. A 1995 constitutional amendment ended state monopolies in telecoms and oil distribution and cleared the way for sectoral concession laws. The programme generated tens of billions of dollars in receipts that were applied to debt retirement, complementing inflation-targeting and fiscal-rule components of the post-Real macroeconomic framework.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.