Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Bantuan Rakyat 1Malaysia (BR1M) cash-transfer programme launched January 2012 under Najib BN government. Initial transfer of RM 500 to households earning below RM 3,000/month; expanded over 2013-2018 to multi-tier structure (RM 1,200 for households RM 3,000-4,000; RM 450 for single adults RM 2,000-3,000). Peak coverage ~7m households, ~RM 6.3bn annual outlay. Politically central to Najib's 2013 election campaign (narrow BN popular-vote loss but seat-count win). Continued by Pakatan Harapan post-2018 under renamed Bantuan Sara Hidup (BSH), then Bantuan Tunai Rahmah (BTR) under later governments — durability beyond Najib era illustrates one-way-ratchet of cash-transfer programmes.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.