Independence of the judiciary from executive and legislative encroachment. Specifically captures court-packing, selective prosecution, judicial reshuffles.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Package of procedural-law reforms under Justice Minister Marta Cartabia, PNRR milestone-linked. Penal procedure reform (Law 134/2021, delega; implementing decree-law 150/2022): introduced improcedibilità per superamento dei termini — dismissal of appeal proceedings when time limits exceeded; restructured plea bargaining and alternative resolution pathways; expanded restorative justice; targeted 25% reduction in penal proceeding duration by mid-2026. Civil procedure reform (Law 206/2021, delega; implementing decree 149/2022): digitalised filings, streamlined first-instance rules, enforced mandatory mediation in expanded caseload, targeted 40% reduction in civil proceeding duration. Companion CSM reform (Law 71/2022) adjusted judicial governance — electoral system for CSM (Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura), disciplinary rules, time-between-roles. PNRR milestone M1C1-37 specifically tracks civil-case backlog reduction; failure triggers disbursement suspension risk.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.