General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Progressivity of the personal income tax schedule, including top marginal rates, bracket spread, and targeted credits (EITC-equivalents).
Ease of hiring/firing, collective-bargaining scope, minimum wage rigidity, temporary/permanent contract regulation.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
As part of the EU/IMF/ECB Troika adjustment programme, the Passos Coelho government raised Portugal's standard VAT (IVA) rate to 23% in 2011 and reclassified numerous goods/services into higher VAT brackets. Enacted via the State Budget Law amendments, the measure was a core revenue-side pillar of fiscal consolidation aimed at reducing the deficit and meeting bailout targets.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.