Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
Government-mandated mobile application launched 16 April 2020 under the Muhyiddin PN government, jointly developed by the Ministry of Health, National Security Council, MAMPU, and (controversially) private vendor Entomo Malaysia. Functions: COVID-19 self-assessment, QR-code location check-in (mandatory for premises access during MCO and PPN phases), close-contact tracing, vaccination certificate (post Dec 2020), and digital vaccination passport for reopened interstate and international travel. Peak ~38m registrations (exceeding total population due to multiple accounts). Later controversy 2022 over proposed transfer of app ownership to a private entity — ultimately retained in government hands. Core surviving digital-ID infrastructure with downstream uses.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.