Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
From 10 June 2024 the Anwar government ended blanket retail diesel subsidy in Peninsular Malaysia: pump price for unsubsidised users rose from RM2.15 to RM3.35/litre (float to managed float near market). Targeted access preserved via Budi Madani cash subsidy of RM200/month for eligible private-vehicle owners, fleet cards for qualifying logistics/agriculture, and preserved price for Sabah/Sarawak. Annual subsidy bill projected to fall RM4bn. First major fuel-subsidy reform since 2014 managed-float under Najib. RON95 petrol subsidy reform — larger and more politically sensitive — remained pending into 2025-26.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.