Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Fuel subsidy reduction 4 June 2008 — premium RON97 petrol raised 78 sen from RM 1.92 to RM 2.70/litre (41% increase), diesel up RM 1.00 to RM 2.58/litre (63% increase). Designed to address ballooning subsidy bill amid Brent crude ~$130/barrel oil spike. Cash-rebate scheme introduced for small-vehicle owners to offset burden. Triggered nationwide protest, inflation jumped to 8.4% in July 2008 (14-year high). Prices partially reversed August-September 2008 as global oil fell; subsidy bill resumed growing. Structural subsidy-reform deferred to Najib era TPM framework 2010-2014 and full managed- float 2014.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.