Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Environmental regulation stringency — emissions caps, standards, phase-out mandates, carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards.
Policy posture toward energy supply security — domestic production capacity, import diversification, strategic reserves, nuclear stance, fossil-fuel mix discipline.
Green Transformation (GX) policy package anchored by the GX Promotion Act (enacted 12 May 2023) and accompanying GX Decarbonisation Power Supply Act. Commits Japan to ¥150tn of combined public-private green investment over ten years, seeded by ¥20tn of GX Transition Bonds (first issuance February 2024 — the world's first sovereign transition bonds). Establishes a carbon levy on fossil-fuel importers from FY2028 and an emissions-trading system phased in from FY2026 (voluntary) with mandatory auction-based allowances for the power sector from FY2033. Complementary nuclear-operation-extension rules lift the previous 60-year lifetime cap under certain conditions. Bond repayment is tied to expected future carbon-levy and ETS auction revenue over 20 years.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.