General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Progressivity of the personal income tax schedule, including top marginal rates, bracket spread, and targeted credits (EITC-equivalents).
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
2024 Budget Law (Law 213/2023) setting a headline deficit path of 4.3% of GDP (from 5.3% in 2023) with primary surplus convergence trajectory, in anticipation of the revised EU Stability and Growth Pact (in force April 2024). Key measures: IRPEF bracket simplification from four to three brackets with merging of 23%/25% brackets (up to €28,000); permanent reduction of payroll-tax wedge (cuneo fiscale) for low-to-middle-income employees ~€7bn/year; pension indexation compression for higher-bracket pensions (full indexation preserved for pensions up to 4x minimum, compressed above); public-sector contract renewal envelope funded; healthcare spending nominal increase below inflation (real-terms compression). Contentious elements: partial freeze of local-government indexation; reduction of Superbonus forward cost (with separate DL 39/2024 tightening transfer mechanics). First Italian budget under the new EU fiscal framework's Medium-Term Fiscal-Structural Plan (approved October 2024) committing to 7-year adjustment path with net-expenditure ceiling.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.