General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Progressivity of the personal income tax schedule, including top marginal rates, bracket spread, and targeted credits (EITC-equivalents).
Ease of hiring/firing, collective-bargaining scope, minimum wage rigidity, temporary/permanent contract regulation.
Portugal's "Mais Habitacao" law of October 2023 (Lei 56/2023), enacted by the Costa PS government, removed real-estate purchases as a qualifying investment for the Autorizacao de Residencia para Investimento (golden visa) introduced in 2012, retaining the visa only for investment in fund-of-funds, scientific research, cultural support, or job creation. The intended effect was to cool Lisbon and Porto housing prices, redirect foreign capital away from property speculation, defuse a politically salient affordability crisis, and rebalance the immigration-investment programme toward productive uses.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.