Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
The Law of 5 April 1910 on workers' and peasants' pensions created the first nationwide old-age pension architecture for lower-income wage earners and rural workers in France. The scheme relied on compulsory worker and employer contributions with a state supplement and originally targeted pension receipt at age 65. Contemporary critics attacked the late retirement age and capitalised design, but the law nevertheless established the principle that old-age security for ordinary workers was a legitimate function of the national state rather than poor relief or voluntary mutualism alone.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.