Statutory and effective corporate tax rates, treatment of depreciation, and international competitiveness.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Temporary solidarity contribution on energy producers and traders introduced under Decreto Aiuti (DL 21/2022) at 10% of VAT-ledger value-added differential between October 2021-March 2022 vs October 2020-March 2021, raised to 25% by Decreto Aiuti-bis (DL 115/2022, Law 142/2022) with extended reference period. Yield materially below ex-ante estimate (~€10bn projected, ~€2.8bn collected) due to base disputes and Constitutional Court rulings (sentenza 111/2024 partially struck the retroactive base). Proceeds ring-fenced for household and SME energy-bill relief (bonus sociale extension, VAT reduction on gas). 2023 windfall levy on residual energy super-profits (Law 197/2022 Budget) continued the framework at a different base with €2.5bn collected. Analytically overlaps with EU Council Regulation 2022/1854 (temporary solidarity contribution at EU level); Italy pre-dated and then partially conformed.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.