Collor PRN — Plano Collor, liberalisation, impeachment

Doctrine — stated goals and content

First post-transition directly-elected administration that combined radical monetary shock with Brazil's initial liberalisation episode. Five doctrinal pillars: (a) Plano Collor I (16 March 1990) — blocked 80% of private-sector financial assets (~$100B, ~30% M4) in 18-month frozen cruzado accounts at Banco Central, replaced cruzado novo with cruzeiro at 1:1, wage-price controls, monetary monoexpansion reversed; highest-confiscation orthodox-heterodox hybrid in democratic Latin American history. (b) Plano Collor II (January 1991) — renewed freeze after first plan unravelled. (c) Abertura Comercial — unilateral tariff reduction from average ~32.2% (1990) to ~14.2% (1993); abolition of non-tariff barriers; end of informatics-sector reserve; creation of Programa Nacional de Desestatização (PND) — first privatisations of Usiminas (October 1991) and others. (d) Mercosur founding — Treaty of Asunción 26 March 1991 with Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay. (e) Corruption crisis — PC Farias scheme exposed May 1992; impeachment vote Chamber 441-38 on 29 September 1992; Collor resigned 29 December 1992 minutes before Senate trial; Senate removed and disqualified him for 8 years. Stated school: Washington-Consensus liberalisation + neo-populist anti-establishment appeal. Left-right: centre-right economic, populist-moralist campaign posture ("caçador de marajás"). Popularity: December 1989 runoff 53% vs Lula 47% (first universal-suffrage presidential vote since 1960); approval collapsed from ~70% at inauguration to <10% by impeachment; PRN held <5% congressional seats meaning the doctrine lacked legislative base. Coherence: trade savings-confiscation political capital and impeachment survival for liberalisation framework (Mercosur, abertura, PND) that outlasted him under Itamar-FHC.